Research Methods in Epidemiology and Testing

<p>Increased number of parallel sarcomeres within existing muscle fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mTOR promotes protein synthesis in response to mechanical stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertrophy of existing muscle fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of protein synthesis in the cytosol after exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased contractility only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased contractility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both B and C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No significant change (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Training increases the speed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Block periodization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body's adaptation happens during the rest period (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endurance performance noticeably suffers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The athlete's genetic predisposition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining training intensity while reducing volume. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They often possess greater strength and power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They disappear quickly within days or weeks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They involve structural changes in the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their late development is primarily due to increased training intensity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying a key training session to focus on and adjusting other sessions accordingly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle soreness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low body fat percentage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluctuations in the intervals between heartbeats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foetal hyperthermia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It assesses the effectiveness of an exercise session on performance capabilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By combining the duration and intensity of exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pharmacological aids may stimulate the central nervous system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative energy deficit in sports (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accuracy: chest straps provide more precise measurements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Follicular phase (A), Menstrual phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight loss through caloric burn (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of osteoporosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-weight bearing exercises (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both increased production and decreased removal of lactate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lactate threshold is the point where lactate production exceeds removal, while the OBLA is the point where the lactate production rate rapidly increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactate buildup decreases pH, which can impair muscle function and cause pain, potentially leading to reduced motivation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactate can be shuttled to other tissues to be used as energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced glycogen stores in the muscle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High lactate levels can contribute to fatigue, but are not the only factor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type II fibers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The production of lactate is a natural byproduct of glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ATP stores must be refilled in strength training due to reliance on anaerobic energy.

The weight used does not matter as long as exercises are performed to exhaustion.

Initial strength gains are due to neural efficiency, not muscle changes.

Training is specific to certain muscles and movements. Different exercises yield different results.

Muscle growth occurs due to an increase in parallel sarcomeres rather than just water retention.

Development of new muscle fibers occurs mainly in animals; humans typically grow existing fibers larger.

mTOR activation leads to protein synthesis and is crucial for muscle growth after exercise stress.

Mechanical stress during exercise promotes hypertrophy through mTOR activation and other factors.

Muscle fibres with better intracellular buffer system than Type I.

Point where lactate in blood begins to increase due to higher production than breakdown.

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation; steeper rise in blood lactate on exertion graph.

Includes central fatigue (brain) and peripheral fatigue (muscle).

Lactate not solely responsible; K+ also contributes, while acids mitigate effects.

Process where lactate exits muscle for energy redistribution.

pH decreases during exercise, leading to increased lactate and decreased bicarbonate.

During long exercises, fat becomes the main energy source after some duration.

Improvements in cardiac output, capillary density, and ventilation from aerobic training.

A strategy that involves reducing training volume by 40-60% for 2 weeks while maintaining intensity and frequency.

Exercise performance varies across menstrual phases; maximal force is highest during menstruation and the follicular phase.

Loss of adaptations such as plasma volume and glycogen that occur quickly after stopping training.

Reducing training frequency to once a week can keep VO2max, but endurance performance declines.

Eumenorrhea (normal), oligomenorrhea (irregular), amenorrhea (absent periods); common in lean athletes.

Condition from low energy intake and high energy expenditure, leading to negative health effects.

A crucial workout to assess where an athlete stands, focusing on endurance, strength, or power.

Growth is increasing size, while development refers to functional changes in physiological capacities.

Includes disordered eating, amenorrhea, and lower bone density due to energy deficit.

Chronical age is based on birth date, whereas biological age is measured by skeletal age or maturation stage.

Bone density loss often linked to low estrogen and inadequate calcium intake; associated with RED-S.

Substances or methods that enhance exercise performance or reduce limitations on performance.

Evaluating skeletal age through standard bone age atlas images or detailed bone scoring methods.

The growth plate that disappears once skeletal maturation is complete, signaling the end of growth.

Pharmacological compounds that mimic exercise benefits without physical activity; often banned.

Hormones that mediate contractility, increasing stroke volume independent of end-diastolic volume.

The pressure in the aorta that the heart must overcome to eject blood.

The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, calculated as heart rate times stroke volume.

The widening of blood vessels, increasing blood flow, particularly to active muscles during exercise.

Blood pressure during the contraction of the heart, tends to increase with exercise.

The speed at which heart rate returns to resting levels after exercise; improves with training.

The training principle where recovery leads to increased athletic performance.

The amount of training (frequency, intensity, duration), important for performance and recovery.

Heart rate is measured using PPG or chest straps, where chest straps are more accurate.

This feature assesses your fitness ability during the first 10 minutes of activity.

Fluctuation in RR intervals of EEG; high variability indicates good parasympathetic function.

A method to quantify training load through a single number considering time and intensity.

A rating from 1-5 indicating the effect of a session on performance capacity.

A score between 1-1000 representing overall health, normalized by age and sex.

Health is seen as physical, mental, and social well-being, not just absence of disease.

Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, and ankle edema.