Research Methods: Designs, Sampling, and Literature

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Questions and Answers

The following are quantitative designs of research, EXCEPT:

  • Experimental
  • Correlational
  • Causal-comparative
  • Narrative (correct)

If the total number of people or things you are interested to include in your study is called population and the smaller number within your population is called a sample, what do you call the process and method of selecting your sample?

sampling

In preparing for a research study, a researcher is compelled to read related studies and articles. In gathering and reading of materials, which criteria for evaluating information from any source requires you to check the reliability, error-free, and based on facts?

accuracy

Which criteria in reading of literature asks for the intended purpose of the information and bias-free?

<p>objectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criteria for RRL asks for the date of publication?

<p>currency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Collecting data is a necessary skill for any individual. Data is used in a variety of situations, such as writing up research reports in school, finding a specific item or getting necessary information for a job. In the statement below, which activity shows collecting data?

<p>creates table for data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about brainstorming is NOT correct?

<p>no criticism is allowed in brainstorming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reading relevant literature helps the researcher separate the known from unknown. Among the statements below which do NOT state the goal of literature review?

<p>Decides the findings and the implications of study (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The part of your study that sets boundaries and parameters of the problem inquiry and narrows down the scope of the inquiry.

<p>Scope and delimitation of the study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

They are parts of research that are necessary in the theoretical and conceptual framework.

<p>Independent Variable and Dependent Variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It represents a numerical average for a set of responses, a central value of a specific set of numbers, and divided by the number of values within the data set.

<p>mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

Categories that are exclusive and exhaustive but with a logical order

<p>ordinal scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

A non-numeric category that cannot be ranked or compared quantitatively. Variables are exclusive and exhaustive.

<p>nominal scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

This is another statistical term commonly appearing in quantitative analysis which reveals the distribution of the responses around the mean. It describes the degree of consistency within the responses; together with the mean, it provides insight into data sets.

<p>Standard deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

This is a measurement gauging the rate of a response appearance within a data set.

<p>Frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

A quantitative study primarily involves narratives and images. This statement is FALSE because Quantitative is numerical.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A quantitative study should be used if the researcher's aim is to establish the cause of a certain phenomena. This statement deals with which type of quantitative research?

<p>Expost facto (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of quantitative research is used in each given title? "Effects of Generic brand of Paracetamol on eliminating headache and other pains"

<p>Quasi-experimental (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Use of Positive Reinforcement on Students' Performance

<p>Quasi-experimental (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypothesis predicts the relationship between two variables? Using the question below, what could be the hypothesis? "Does school attendance affects the academic performance of 4Ps beneficiaries in senior high school in Pamplona National high School?"

<p>School attendance does not affect the academic performance of 4Ps senior high school (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write the letter of the option of which among the words below is the best option to fill in the information asked in the box labeled 'Independent'

<p>Hours of study</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write the letter of the option of which among the words below is the best option to fill in the information asked in the box labeled 'Moderating'

<p>IQ</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write the letter of the option of which among the words below is the best option to fill in the information asked in the box labeled 'Control'

<p>Health</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Quantitative Research Designs

Types of research designs that focus on quantifying data, like correlational and experimental studies.

Sampling

The process of selecting a smaller group from a larger population for study purposes.

Accuracy

A criterion for evaluating information that checks if it is reliable and fact-based.

Objectivity

The quality of being unbiased and considering the intended purpose of information.

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Currency

A criterion that assesses the timeliness of the information, especially its publication date.

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Data Collection

The skill of gathering information, essential for research and decision-making.

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Brainstorming

A method for generating ideas without criticism, usually in group settings.

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Literature Review Goals

The primary aims of reviewing literature include generating ideas, summarizing knowledge, and identifying gaps.

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Boundaries of Study

Defines the parameters within which the research operates and the limits of inquiry.

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Hypothesis

A predictive statement about the relationship between two variables in a research study.

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Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effect.

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Dependent Variable

The outcome or effect that is measured in research, influenced by the independent variable.

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Moderating Variable

A variable that affects the strength or direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

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Mediating Variable

A variable that explains the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

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Control Variables

Variables kept constant in an experiment to prevent interference with the results.

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Mean

The numerical average calculated by summing values in a data set and dividing by their count.

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Standard Deviation

A statistical term that indicates the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values around the mean.

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Frequency

A measurement of how often a particular response appears within a data set.

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Ordinal Scale

A measurement scale where categories are arranged in a logical order but with no defined distances between them.

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Nominal Scale

A categorical scale without logical order, where variables are labeled without numerical significance.

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Causal-Comparative Research

Research designed to establish cause-effect relationships by comparing different groups.

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Experimental Research

Research that manipulates one variable to determine the cause of a change in another variable.

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Descriptive Research

Research aimed at detailing characteristics of a population or phenomenon without manipulating variables.

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Ex Post Facto Research

Research analysis done after the fact, often used when manipulation of variables is impossible.

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Quasi-Experimental Research

Research that resembles experimental research but lacks random assignment of subjects.

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Variables in Research

Elements that can vary within a study; includes independent, dependent, moderating, mediating, and control variables.

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Research Proposal

A document outlining the plan and objectives for a research study, including its significance and methodology.

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Reliability in Research

The consistency of a research study or measuring test, indicating its accuracy and dependability over time.

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Validity in Research

The extent to which a research measure accurately reflects what it intends to measure.

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Study Notes

Quantitative Research Designs

  • Quantitative research designs exclude narrative designs
  • Includes correlational, experimental, and causal-comparative designs

Sampling Methods

  • Population is the total number of people or elements in a study
  • Sample is a smaller subset of the population
  • Sampling is the method for selecting the sample

Evaluating Information Sources

  • Accuracy: Information must be factual, error-free, and reliable
  • Objectivity: Information should be unbiased and avoid bias in the intended purpose
  • Currency: Date of publication is important

Research Literature Review

  • Purpose: Understanding existing knowledge to inform new research
  • Key aspects: Stimulates new ideas, identifies gaps in knowledge, suggests hypotheses, summarizes existing research findings

Research Study Components

  • Scope and Delimitation: Defines the boundaries and parameters of the study
  • Variables: Independent variable causes an effect, dependent variable is affected, variables can be independent, dependent, moderating, or control

Statistical Measures

  • Mean: Average of numerical values
  • Standard deviation: Measurement of variability in data around the mean
  • Frequency: Measure of how often a response occurs

Types of Quantitative Research

  • Descriptive: Describes characteristics of a population or phenomenon
  • Correlational: Examines the relationship between variables
  • Experimental: Establishes cause-and-effect relationships between variables
  • Quasi-Experimental: Investigates cause-and-effect relationships in settings where complete control is not possible

Research Study Variables

  • Independent Variable: The cause
  • Dependent Variable: The effect
  • Moderating Variable: Alters the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable
  • Mediating Variable: Helps explain the relationship between the independent and dependent variable
  • Control Variable: Held constant to prevent interference with the results

Research Study Design

  • Hypothesis: Statement predicting the relationship between variables
  • Research study variables contain independent, dependent, moderating, and control variables. Examples of which variables were provided.

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