Podcast
Questions and Answers
When did researchers begin to use statistical sampling techniques in surveys?
When did researchers begin to use statistical sampling techniques in surveys?
What type of orientation did professional researchers embrace in the 1930s?
What type of orientation did professional researchers embrace in the 1930s?
During which time period did survey research dramatically expand in the United States?
During which time period did survey research dramatically expand in the United States?
Approximately how many full-time professional survey researchers are there in the United States?
Approximately how many full-time professional survey researchers are there in the United States?
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What is the approach of survey research?
What is the approach of survey research?
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What is the first step in the process of survey research?
What is the first step in the process of survey research?
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What is the purpose of rewriting survey questions?
What is the purpose of rewriting survey questions?
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What is the principle of good question writing that avoids unclear language?
What is the principle of good question writing that avoids unclear language?
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What is the primary consideration when determining the sample size for a representative sample?
What is the primary consideration when determining the sample size for a representative sample?
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Which of the following sampling techniques is commonly used when the goal is to create a representative sample?
Which of the following sampling techniques is commonly used when the goal is to create a representative sample?
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What is the main advantage of using statistical equations to determine the sample size?
What is the main advantage of using statistical equations to determine the sample size?
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What is the primary purpose of using non-representative sampling techniques?
What is the primary purpose of using non-representative sampling techniques?
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What is the main difference between snowball sampling and respondent-driven sampling?
What is the main difference between snowball sampling and respondent-driven sampling?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive sampling?
Which of the following is a characteristic of adaptive sampling?
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What is the primary advantage of using purposive or judgmental sampling?
What is the primary advantage of using purposive or judgmental sampling?
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What is the main consideration when selecting a sampling strategy?
What is the main consideration when selecting a sampling strategy?
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What is the primary goal of performing field research?
What is the primary goal of performing field research?
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What is the purpose of a field research interview?
What is the purpose of a field research interview?
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What is a characteristic of field research interviews?
What is a characteristic of field research interviews?
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What is the purpose of establishing intimacy in field research interviews?
What is the purpose of establishing intimacy in field research interviews?
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What is a type of field note?
What is a type of field note?
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Why is it important to let members know a short period ahead of time when exiting the field site?
Why is it important to let members know a short period ahead of time when exiting the field site?
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What is a marker in a field research interview?
What is a marker in a field research interview?
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What is the purpose of watching and listening in field research?
What is the purpose of watching and listening in field research?
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What is the primary goal of the first step in performing field research?
What is the primary goal of the first step in performing field research?
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What is the purpose of the 'Access Ladder' in field research?
What is the purpose of the 'Access Ladder' in field research?
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What is the main objective of the 'Apply Strategies' step in field research?
What is the main objective of the 'Apply Strategies' step in field research?
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What is meant by 'Assume the Attitude of Strangeness' in field research?
What is meant by 'Assume the Attitude of Strangeness' in field research?
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What is the purpose of 'Focusing' in field research?
What is the purpose of 'Focusing' in field research?
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What is the primary goal of the 'Maintain Relations in the Field' step in field research?
What is the primary goal of the 'Maintain Relations in the Field' step in field research?
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What is the purpose of 'Performing Small Favors' in field research?
What is the purpose of 'Performing Small Favors' in field research?
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What is the consequence of not 'Adjusting and Adapting' in field research?
What is the consequence of not 'Adjusting and Adapting' in field research?
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What is the primary goal of conceptualization in qualitative research?
What is the primary goal of conceptualization in qualitative research?
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In which phase of the research process does 'casing' typically occur?
In which phase of the research process does 'casing' typically occur?
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What is the primary purpose of coding qualitative data?
What is the primary purpose of coding qualitative data?
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What are the three types of qualitative data coding?
What are the three types of qualitative data coding?
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What is the objective of analytic strategies for qualitative data?
What is the objective of analytic strategies for qualitative data?
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What is the purpose of creating a case in qualitative research?
What is the purpose of creating a case in qualitative research?
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What is the primary focus of qualitative data analysis?
What is the primary focus of qualitative data analysis?
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What is the role of conceptualization in qualitative research?
What is the role of conceptualization in qualitative research?
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Study Notes
Strategies for Creating a Representative Sample
- There are two methods to decide the sample size: making assumptions about the population and using statistical equations, or using a rule of thumb.
- The smaller the population, the larger the sampling ratio needs to be to yield the same results as the entire population.
Non-Representative Sampling Techniques
- Purposive or judgmental sampling is a non-representative sampling technique.
- Linked-traced sampling includes snowball sampling, respondent-driven sampling, and adaptive sampling.
- Other non-representative sampling techniques include deviant case sampling, sequential sampling, and theoretical sampling.
Importance of Sampling Strategy
- A sampling strategy should match a study's specific purpose.
- Probability sampling is preferred for a representative sample.
History of Survey Research
- The modern survey has its roots in ancient forms of the census.
- Surveys for social research started in the 19th century with social reform movements in the US and Great Britain.
- In the 1920s and 1930s, researchers began to use statistical sampling techniques.
- Survey research dramatically expanded during World War II, especially in the US.
- Since the 1970s, private industry, non-profit organizations, governments, and many academic fields have expanded the use of quantitative research.
The Logic of Survey Research
- Survey research proceeds deductively, conceptualizing variables and then operationalizing them as survey questions.
- The steps in the process of survey research include conceptualizing variables, operationalizing variables, rewriting survey questions, sequencing questions, considering data organization, and training interviewers if needed.
Construction of the Questionnaire
- Principles of good question writing include avoiding slang, jargon, and abbreviations, avoiding ambiguity, and choosing a field site and gaining access.
Field Research
- Steps in performing field research include preparing to enter the field, choosing a field site and gaining access, applying strategies, maintaining relations in the field, gathering and recording data, and exiting the field.
- Field research involves mutual sharing of experiences, and the interviewer should ask questions, listen, express interest, and record what was said.
The Field Research Interview
- The field interview involves asking questions, listening, expressing interest, and recording what was said.
- Field interviews occur in a series or over time, and involve the mutual sharing of experiences.
- Avoid probing inner feelings until intimacy is established, and proceed with caution even then.
Coding and Concept Formation
- Conceptualization in qualitative research involves forming new concepts or refining concepts that are grounded in data.
- A common approach to data analysis is to organize data into categories based on themes, concepts, or similar features.
- Coding qualitative data involves sorting raw data into conceptual categories and creating themes or concepts.
Analytic Strategies for Qualitative Data
- Analytic strategies for qualitative data include open coding, axial coding, and selective coding.
- These strategies are used to analyze and organize qualitative data.
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Description
This quiz covers strategies for creating a representative sample, including deciding on sample size and using statistical equations or rules of thumb.
