Research Methods Chapter
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of descriptive research?

  • To manipulate variables
  • To establish cause-and-effect relationships
  • To develop and use surveys
  • To describe current phenomena and their relationships (correct)

    • What type of research is used to study the characteristics of populations directly?

  • Correlational research
  • Non-experimental research
  • Survey research (correct)
  • Experimental research

    • What is the purpose of correlational research?

  • To develop and use surveys
  • To establish cause-and-effect relationships
  • To manipulate variables
  • To describe relationships between variables (correct)

    • What is an example of survey research?

    <p>A pre-election survey asking potential voters about their voting intentions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of non-experimental research methods?

    <p>They do not involve manipulating variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a descriptive research question?

    <p>How many teachers use a specific teaching method?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the questionnaire used in a study on the effect of critical thinking instruction through debate on students' reading comprehension?

    <p>Critical Thinking Questionnaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of descriptive research?

    <p>Survey research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of including warm-up questions in an interview?

    <p>To establish rapport and obtain valuable information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of structured questions in interviews?

    <p>They have clear and explicit answers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage of using interviews in research?

    <p>They may introduce biases and lack anonymity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of conducting a literature review in the development of an interview?

    <p>To review existing literature and previous interviews in the field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential to do when seeking permission to record an interview?

    <p>Seek permission before using a tape recorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using interviews in research?

    <p>They allow for flexibility and pursuing various directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of field testing in the development of an interview?

    <p>To test the interview with a similar audience and adjust based on feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alternative method to interviews in survey research?

    <p>Telephone surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of establishing validity in survey research?

    <p>To seek confirmation from alternative sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of survey research?

    <p>It provides a comprehensive view, allowing generalization of findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of correlational research?

    <p>To describe the relationship between two or more variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation coefficient used to estimate?

    <p>The reliability of a test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a stronger correlation coefficient?

    <p>A stronger relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a positive correlation?

    <p>The more you study, the better your grades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important to note about correlations?

    <p>Correlations are not causal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the strength of a correlation?

    <p>The absolute value of the correlation coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sign of the correlation indicate?

    <p>The direction of the relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Pearson product-moment correlation symbolized as?

    <p>rxy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a scattergram?

    <p>A visual representation of the correlation coefficient between two variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 45° slope in a scattergram indicate?

    <p>A strong correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about negative correlations?

    <p>As one variable increases, the other decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many correlation coefficients are there for 𝑛 variables?

    <p>n taken two at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation of a variable with itself?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of interpreting the Pearson correlation coefficient?

    <p>To understand the degree of relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the coefficient of determination used to show?

    <p>How much of the variance in one variable can be explained by the variance in another variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the amount of variance explained as the correlation gets stronger?

    <p>It increases disproportionately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation of 0.40 have a coefficient of determination of?

    <p>0.16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of variance that is not explained by the correlation?

    <p>Coefficient of alienation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Figure 9.2 show?

    <p>The curved relationship between correlation and variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Table 9.4?

    <p>To show how the simple correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increasing the correlation from 0.4 to 0.5?

    <p>A 9% increase in explained variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination?

    <p>The coefficient of determination is the square of the correlation coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Survey Research Methods

    • Definition: Survey research is a type of descriptive research that aims to describe current phenomena without manipulating variables.
    • Purpose: To understand and describe current phenomena, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions.

    Types of Survey Research

    • Correlational Studies: Describe relationships between variables without inferring causation.
    • Interviews:
      • Types:
        • Structured Questions: Clear, closed-ended questions with explicit answers.
        • Unstructured Questions: Open-ended questions allowing for broad responses.
      • Advantages:
        • Flexibility
        • Observation of nonverbal behavior
        • Control over the tone and agenda
      • Disadvantages:
        • Time-consuming
        • Potential bias
        • Lack of standardization

    Conducting Interviews

    • Steps:
      1. Purpose and Goals: Define the interview's purpose and desired outcomes.
      2. Literature Review: Review existing literature and previous interviews in the field.
      3. Sample Selection: Choose a diverse and representative sample.
      4. Question Development: Create clear and concise questions, avoiding hidden agendas.
      5. Field Testing: Test the interview with a similar audience and adjust based on feedback.
      6. Interviewer Training: Train interviewers to be polite, attentive, and proactive.
      7. Conducting Interviews: Allocate sufficient time and be assertive but respectful during interviews.

    Correlational Research

    • Definition: A type of descriptive research that looks at the linear relationship between two or more variables without suggesting that one variable affects the other.
    • Purpose: To understand relationships between variables.
    • Examples:
      • Relationship between multiple intelligences and metacognitive strategies in MA students of TEFL.
      • Relationship among meta-memory, meta-cognitive vocabulary, and the role of theory of mind in Persian young children.

    Correlation Coefficients

    • Definition: A numerical index that shows the strength of the relationship between two variables.
    • Types:
      • Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
      • Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
    • Important Points:
      • Correlations are not causal.
      • The strength of a correlation is measured by its absolute value, not its sign.

    Scattergrams

    • Definition: A visual representation of the correlation coefficient between two variables, showing scores in pairs.
    • Purpose: To visualize the relationship between two variables.

    Interpreting Correlation Coefficients

    • Methods:
      1. Eyeball Method: Associating certain correlation values with a degree of relationship.
      2. Coefficient of Determination: Squaring the correlation coefficient to show how much of the variance in one variable can be explained by the variance in another variable.

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    Description

    Learn about survey research, correlational research, and non-experimental research methods. Understand the definition, advantages, and disadvantages of survey research and how to develop and use surveys.

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