Survey Research Methods
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Questions and Answers

What is a crucial aspect to consider when transitioning between sections in interviews?

  • Establishing rapport and obtaining valuable information (correct)
  • Avoiding sensitive topics
  • Maintaining objectivity throughout the interview
  • Manipulating variables to achieve desired outcomes

    • What is the purpose of warm-up questions in an interview?

  • To establish the interviewer's authority
  • To gather sensitive information
  • To introduce the main topic of discussion
  • To help respondents feel comfortable (correct)

    • What is an example of a structured question in an interview?

  • How did you feel about the recent election?
  • Why were you opposed to the first Persian Gulf War?
  • What do you think about the current economic situation?
  • At what age did you start smoking? (correct)

    • What is an advantage of using interviews in research?

    <p>Flexibility in pursuing various directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using interviews in research?

    <p>Time-consuming nature of the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in developing an interview?

    <p>Purpose and Goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'ten commandments of interviewing'?

    <p>To ensure effective interviewing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alternative method of survey research beyond interviews?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in conducting survey research?

    <p>Defining the Research Problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of face-sheet information in an interview?

    <p>To aid in later analysis of the interview's main focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of descriptive research?

    <p>To describe current phenomena and their relationships with other factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research involves the manipulation of variables?

    <p>Experimental research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of survey research?

    <p>It is a cost-effective and efficient way to study large populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of correlational studies?

    <p>To identify relationships between variables without inferring causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a survey research question?

    <p>What are parents' attitudes towards school punishment?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between descriptive and experimental research?

    <p>Descriptive research does not involve the manipulation of variables, while experimental research does</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Critical Thinking Questionnaire?

    <p>To measure the effect of critical thinking instruction on students' reading comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of survey research?

    <p>It is susceptible to bias and sampling errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of survey research?

    <p>To gather data and draw meaningful conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of survey research?

    <p>It provides a comprehensive view of a phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential source of bias in survey research?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of correlational research?

    <p>To describe the relationship between two or more variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation coefficient used to measure?

    <p>The degree of relatedness between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a positive correlation?

    <p>The more you study, the better your grades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important to note about correlations?

    <p>Correlations do not imply causality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a correlation of -0.61 and +0.21?

    <p>The absolute value of the correlation indicates the strength of the relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of seeking confirmation from alternative sources in survey research?

    <p>To ensure the validity of survey data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a study that uses correlational research?

    <p>The relationship between sense of humor and positive psychological capacities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the coefficient of determination?

    <p>To show how much of the variance in one variable can be explained by the variance in another variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the explained variance when the correlation coefficient increases from 0.4 to 0.5?

    <p>It increases by 9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the coefficient of alienation?

    <p>The percentage of variance unexplained by the correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Figure 9.2 illustrate?

    <p>The curvilinear relationship between correlation and variance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination?

    <p>The coefficient of determination is the square of the correlation coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination?

    <p>The correlation coefficient shows the strength of the correlation, while the coefficient of determination shows the variance explained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the relationship indicated by in a correlation?

    <p>Positive or negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common measure of the relationship between variables?

    <p>Pearson product-moment correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a scattergram show?

    <p>A visual representation of the correlation coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of correlations?

    <p>-1 to 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a strong positive correlation indicate?

    <p>A strong relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Pearson correlation coefficient?

    <p>To understand the relationship between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of correlating a variable with itself?

    <p>A correlation coefficient of 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to interpret the Pearson correlation coefficient?

    <p>It can be hard to understand on its own</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a correlation matrix?

    <p>To show the pairwise correlations between multiple variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of the eyeball method for interpreting the Pearson correlation coefficient?

    <p>It can be misleading if the sample size is large</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of descriptive research?

    <p>To describe current phenomena and their relationships with other factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of survey research?

    <p>It is a cost-effective way to collect data from a large population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of correlational studies?

    <p>To describe relationships between variables without inferring causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a survey research question?

    <p>What are parents' attitudes toward school punishment?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between descriptive and experimental research?

    <p>Descriptive research does not involve the manipulation of variables, while experimental research does</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a scattergram visually represent?

    <p>The relationship between two variables, showing scores in pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Critical Thinking Questionnaire?

    <p>To measure the effect of critical thinking instruction on students' reading comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential source of bias in survey research?

    <p>The use of leading questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Pearson correlation coefficient used to measure?

    <p>The strength of the relationship between two variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of non-experimental research methods?

    <p>To explore research questions without manipulating variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlation of +1 indicate?

    <p>A perfect positive correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of correlations?

    <p>-1 to +1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of descriptive research, as described in the chapter?

    <p>To understand and describe current phenomena without manipulating variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a strong positive correlation indicate?

    <p>As one variable increases, the other variable increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of computing the Pearson correlation coefficient?

    <p>To understand the relationship between two variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of including neutral information, such as demographics, in an interview?

    <p>To provide context for the main focus of the interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of using unstructured questions in interviews?

    <p>They may not allow for clear and concise answers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a correlation matrix?

    <p>A table showing the pairwise correlations between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to rephrase questions in an interview if necessary?

    <p>To clarify the respondent's answers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative correlation indicate?

    <p>As one variable increases, the other variable decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using mail questionnaires in survey research?

    <p>They are cost-effective and allow for a large sample size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the literature review in developing an interview?

    <p>To review existing literature and previous interviews in the field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when conducting survey research?

    <p>Ensuring the sample is diverse and representative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of conducting field testing in the development of an interview?

    <p>To test the interview with a similar audience and adjust based on feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of survey research?

    <p>To provide a comprehensive view, allowing generalization of findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge in collecting survey data?

    <p>Establishing validity through alternative sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a correlational study aim to do?

    <p>Identify the relationship between two or more variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation coefficient used to measure?

    <p>The degree of relatedness between two or more variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a positive correlation?

    <p>The relationship between the amount of time spent studying and the quality of grades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important to note about correlations?

    <p>They do not imply causality between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of seeking confirmation from alternative sources in survey research?

    <p>To establish the validity of the data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a correlation of -0.61 and +0.21?

    <p>The absolute value of the correlation indicates the strength of the relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the coefficient of determination?

    <p>To measure the amount of variance explained by the correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the explained variance when the correlation coefficient increases from 0.4 to 0.7?

    <p>It increases by 22%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the coefficient of alienation?

    <p>The amount of variance not explained by the correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination?

    <p>The coefficient of determination is the square of the correlation coefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Figure 9.2 illustrate?

    <p>The non-linear relationship between the correlation coefficient and the amount of variance explained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using the coefficient of determination?

    <p>It provides a more precise measurement of the amount of variance explained by the correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increasing the correlation coefficient from 0.4 to 0.5?

    <p>The explained variance increases by 9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the relationship between the correlation coefficient and the amount of variance explained?

    <p>It is non-linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Survey Research Methods

    • Definition: Survey research is a type of descriptive research that aims to describe current phenomena without manipulating variables.
    • Purpose: To understand and describe current phenomena, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions.

    Types of Survey Research

    • Correlational Studies: Describe relationships between variables without inferring causation.
    • Interviews:
      • Types:
        • Structured Questions: Clear, closed-ended questions with explicit answers.
        • Unstructured Questions: Open-ended questions allowing for broad responses.
      • Advantages:
        • Flexibility
        • Observation of nonverbal behavior
        • Control over the tone and agenda
      • Disadvantages:
        • Time-consuming
        • Potential bias
        • Lack of standardization

    Conducting Interviews

    • Steps:
      1. Purpose and Goals: Define the interview's purpose and desired outcomes.
      2. Literature Review: Review existing literature and previous interviews in the field.
      3. Sample Selection: Choose a diverse and representative sample.
      4. Question Development: Create clear and concise questions, avoiding hidden agendas.
      5. Field Testing: Test the interview with a similar audience and adjust based on feedback.
      6. Interviewer Training: Train interviewers to be polite, attentive, and proactive.
      7. Conducting Interviews: Allocate sufficient time and be assertive but respectful during interviews.

    Correlational Research

    • Definition: A type of descriptive research that looks at the linear relationship between two or more variables without suggesting that one variable affects the other.
    • Purpose: To understand relationships between variables.
    • Examples:
      • Relationship between multiple intelligences and metacognitive strategies in MA students of TEFL.
      • Relationship among meta-memory, meta-cognitive vocabulary, and the role of theory of mind in Persian young children.

    Correlation Coefficients

    • Definition: A numerical index that shows the strength of the relationship between two variables.
    • Types:
      • Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
      • Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
    • Important Points:
      • Correlations are not causal.
      • The strength of a correlation is measured by its absolute value, not its sign.

    Scattergrams

    • Definition: A visual representation of the correlation coefficient between two variables, showing scores in pairs.
    • Purpose: To visualize the relationship between two variables.

    Interpreting Correlation Coefficients

    • Methods:
      1. Eyeball Method: Associating certain correlation values with a degree of relationship.
      2. Coefficient of Determination: Squaring the correlation coefficient to show how much of the variance in one variable can be explained by the variance in another variable.

    Survey Research Methods

    • Definition: Survey research is a type of descriptive research that aims to describe current phenomena without manipulating variables.
    • Purpose: To understand and describe current phenomena, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions.

    Types of Survey Research

    • Correlational Studies: Describe relationships between variables without inferring causation.
    • Interviews:
      • Types:
        • Structured Questions: Clear, closed-ended questions with explicit answers.
        • Unstructured Questions: Open-ended questions allowing for broad responses.
      • Advantages:
        • Flexibility
        • Observation of nonverbal behavior
        • Control over the tone and agenda
      • Disadvantages:
        • Time-consuming
        • Potential bias
        • Lack of standardization

    Conducting Interviews

    • Steps:
      1. Purpose and Goals: Define the interview's purpose and desired outcomes.
      2. Literature Review: Review existing literature and previous interviews in the field.
      3. Sample Selection: Choose a diverse and representative sample.
      4. Question Development: Create clear and concise questions, avoiding hidden agendas.
      5. Field Testing: Test the interview with a similar audience and adjust based on feedback.
      6. Interviewer Training: Train interviewers to be polite, attentive, and proactive.
      7. Conducting Interviews: Allocate sufficient time and be assertive but respectful during interviews.

    Correlational Research

    • Definition: A type of descriptive research that looks at the linear relationship between two or more variables without suggesting that one variable affects the other.
    • Purpose: To understand relationships between variables.
    • Examples:
      • Relationship between multiple intelligences and metacognitive strategies in MA students of TEFL.
      • Relationship among meta-memory, meta-cognitive vocabulary, and the role of theory of mind in Persian young children.

    Correlation Coefficients

    • Definition: A numerical index that shows the strength of the relationship between two variables.
    • Types:
      • Positive Correlation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.
      • Negative Correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
    • Important Points:
      • Correlations are not causal.
      • The strength of a correlation is measured by its absolute value, not its sign.

    Scattergrams

    • Definition: A visual representation of the correlation coefficient between two variables, showing scores in pairs.
    • Purpose: To visualize the relationship between two variables.

    Interpreting Correlation Coefficients

    • Methods:
      1. Eyeball Method: Associating certain correlation values with a degree of relationship.
      2. Coefficient of Determination: Squaring the correlation coefficient to show how much of the variance in one variable can be explained by the variance in another variable.

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    Learn about survey research methods, including correlational studies and types of interviews, to understand and describe current phenomena, attitudes, and beliefs.

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