Questions and Answers
What is the main advantage of telephone surveys compared to face-to-face surveys?
They are less costly
When constructing a survey, what is the primary goal of conceptualizing the task?
To address the research questions and hypotheses
What is the purpose of measuring behavior in surveys?
To translate opinions into action
Why is it important to include demographic questions in a survey?
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What should be considered when constructing a survey questionnaire?
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What is the purpose of providing instructions at the beginning of each section in a survey?
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Why is it important to avoid leading questions in a survey?
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What is the purpose of brainstorming in the survey construction process?
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What is the primary concern when constructing a questionnaire for research?
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Which of the following is a benefit of using self-administered surveys?
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What is a potential drawback of using open-ended questions in a survey?
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What is the purpose of limiting responses in a questionnaire?
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Why is it important to avoid leading questions in a questionnaire?
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What is an advantage of using computer-assisted and web-based surveys?
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What is the benefit of using closed-ended questions in a questionnaire?
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What is a limitation of using web-based surveys?
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What is a characteristic of unstructured interviews?
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Which of the following is a potential drawback of self-administered surveys?
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What is the purpose of specifying the information to be sought in a questionnaire?
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What is a key factor to consider when designing structured interviews?
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Why is it important to avoid ambiguity in questionnaire questions?
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Why are face-to-face interviews often associated with high response rates?
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What is a potential source of bias in structured interviews?
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Why is training critical for interviewers in structured interviews?
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Study Notes
Survey Methods
- Surveys can be conducted through various mediums, including telephone, computers, and face-to-face interactions, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
Telephone Surveys
- Less costly and time-consuming compared to face-to-face interviews
- Less subjective to interviewer bias
- Often conducted with computers
- Can probe for information or clarification
- Threshold for completion is around 20 minutes
Constructions
- Regardless of survey type, constructs should allow for candid answers that are accurate, consistent, and address research goals, hypotheses, and questions
Conceptualizing the Task
- List research questions and hypotheses
- Consider how others have measured variables
- Ensure at least one questionnaire item for each variable
- Operationalize the concept
- Outline what to cover, including attitudes, behaviors, and demographics
Measuring Behavior
- Translate opinions into action
- Useful in making policy, improving working conditions, and evaluating programs
- Measure what respondents say they do
- Create questions that measure behavior
Demographics
- Need to know how opinions and behaviors vary across different categories of people
- Include variables like age, income, education, political beliefs, and sexual orientation
- Place demographic questions at the end of the instrument for ease of response
Instructions
- Provide clear instructions at the beginning of each section
- Disclose necessary information for respondents to decide whether to complete the survey
- Indicate whether the survey is anonymous or confidential
Conceptualizing
- Brainstorm to find a solution to a problem or question
- Reduce the list to items connected to research variables
- Be creative and engaging in survey design
- Consider the length of the questionnaire, time to construct, time for respondents to complete, cost, and number of variables or concepts
Principles of Questionnaire Construction
- Consider time and effort in constructing and responding to questionnaires
- Avoid open-ended questions that intimidate respondents
- Ensure clarity and consistency in instructions and format
Computer-Assisted and Web-Based Surveys
- Create and administer self-administered questionnaires
- Increase response rates, especially for short questionnaires
- Can be sent via email or hosted on a website
- Allow for instant data coding, but may have issues with access and generalizability
Interviews
- Can be unstructured or structured
- Unstructured interviews are suited for exploratory research and complex situations
- Structured interviews require training for interviewers and standardized processes
- Response rates tend to be highest with face-to-face interviews
Procedure for Development
- Specify the information to be sought
- Determine the type of questionnaire and method of administration
- Determine the content, form of response, and wording of each question
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