Research Methods and Prenatal Development Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What structures does the umbilical cord contain?

  • One artery and two veins
  • Two arteries and one vein (correct)
  • Two veins and one artery
  • Three arteries
  • Which principle describes the development from head to toe?

  • Proximodistal principle
  • Developmental principle
  • Cephalocaudal principle (correct)
  • Embryogenesis principle
  • During which stage does the zygote attach to the uterine wall?

  • Developmental stage
  • Embryonic stage
  • Fetal stage
  • Germinal stage (correct)
  • What is a significant indicator of the start of the fetal stage?

    <p>Appearance of first bone cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the placenta facilitate between the mother and embryo?

    <p>Transfer of oxygen and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to severely defective embryos during the first trimester?

    <p>They are often aborted spontaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is gestational age typically determined?

    <p>From the first day of the last menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the sex of the fetus typically detectable?

    <p>Three months after conception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of quantitative research?

    <p>Deals primarily with objectively measurable, numerical data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the longitudinal research design?

    <p>Assesses the same individuals or groups over an extended period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the operational definition in research methods?

    <p>Stated solely in terms of the operations used to measure a phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does confidentiality in research ensure?

    <p>Data collected on individuals remains private</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of debriefing in research?

    <p>To explain the study's purpose and any outcomes after it has been completed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method ensures that every person in a population has an equal chance of selection?

    <p>Random selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental focus of qualitative research?

    <p>To explore the how and why of behavior in-depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a goal of developmental research in psychology?

    <p>To study change over time through various methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of prenatal care methods such as ultrasound and amniocentesis?

    <p>To provide early detection of defects and disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the beginning of Stage 2 during the birth process?

    <p>The baby’s head begins to move through the cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for prenatal development that can be caused by maternal diseases or infections?

    <p>Crossing the placenta barrier leading to defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the neonatal period?

    <p>The neonate transitions to independent living</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily associated with nicotine exposure during pregnancy?

    <p>Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point does Stage 3 of the birth process conclude?

    <p>When the baby is completely emerged from the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health issue can arise from incompatible blood types between mother and father during pregnancy?

    <p>Risk of prenatal defects and complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of neonates during their first few days of life?

    <p>They typically lose weight before regaining it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does formal vision screening typically begin for a child?

    <p>By age 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motor skill development typically occurs around 11 and a half months?

    <p>Standing alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major motor achievement of infancy?

    <p>Walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes depth perception?

    <p>Ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is haptic perception primarily used for?

    <p>Acquiring information about properties of objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants establish visual guidance?

    <p>Using their eyes to guide body movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ability allows young infants to locate unseen objects effectively?

    <p>Following sound cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age can most children balance briefly on one foot and begin to hop?

    <p>By age 3 and a half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average visual acuity level of infants by 8 months?

    <p>20/20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior allows infants to perceive their surroundings as stable despite changes in sensory stimulation?

    <p>Perceptual Constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants typically start to develop the ability to perceive occluded objects as whole?

    <p>2 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Denver Developmental Screening Test?

    <p>To chart developmental progress and identify abnormal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what age can most infants keep their heads erect while being held or supported in a sitting position?

    <p>4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What grasping ability do infants typically exhibit by 3 and a half months?

    <p>They begin to grasp objects with one hand and transfer them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do infants typically begin to develop the pincer grasp?

    <p>7-11 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What visual stimuli are particularly significant in children's social environment?

    <p>Faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are infants able to track moving objects that are briefly occluded?

    <p>3-5 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what age can an average baby build a tower of two cubes?

    <p>15 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Methods

    • Quantitative Research deals with measurable, numerical data.
    • Qualitative Research explores the "how" and "why" of behavior, providing in-depth understanding.
    • Sample is a smaller group representing the population under study.
    • Random Selection ensures each individual has an equal chance of being chosen for the sample.

    Prenatal Development: Stages

    • Germinal Stage (fertilization to 2 weeks):
      • Creation of the fertilized egg (zygote).
      • Cell Division and Attachment to the uterine wall.
      • Implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall.
      • Formation of the embryonic disk and three cell layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
    • Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 weeks):
      • Rapid growth and development of vital organs and systems.
      • Formation of the placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac.
      • Cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles guide development.
    • Fetal Stage (8 weeks to birth):
      • Bone cells appear, marking the stage's beginning.
      • Rapid growth and final development of organs and systems.
      • Sex is detectable after three months.
      • By the end of the stage, the fetus moves frequently and engages in regular breathing practice.

    Risks to Prenatal Development

    • Maternal Factors:
      • Alcohol Consumption: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).
      • Nicotine Use: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
      • Incompatible Blood Types: Potential harm to the fetus.
      • Maternal Diseases and Infections: Cross the placenta barrier causing damage.
      • Environmental Hazards: Radiation, toxic wastes, and chemical pollutants.

    Prenatal Care

    • Early and high-quality prenatal care is crucial for healthy development.
    • Monitoring tools: ultrasound, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, embryoscopy, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, umbilical cord sampling, and maternal blood tests.

    The Birth Process

    • Stage 1: Labor - Contractions occur every 2-5 minutes, culminating in dilation of the cervix to 10 centimeters.
    • Stage 2: Descent and Emergence - The baby's head descends through the cervix and birth canal, ending when the baby is fully delivered.
    • Stage 3: Expulsion of the Placenta - The placenta and the remaining umbilical cord are expelled.
    • Newborn Baby:
    • Neonatal Period (first 4 weeks): Transition from uterus to independent existence.
    • Appearance: Distinctive features include a large head, distinctive reflexes, and large ears.
    • Vision: Reaches about 40/60 by 6 months, improving to 20/20 by 8 months.

    Infant Development: Perceptual Constancy

    • Perceptual Constancy: Perception of the world as stable despite sensory changes.
    • Size Constancy: Recognizes an object's size even when the retinal image changes.
    • Shape Constancy: Recognizes an object's shape even with changes in orientation.
    • Perception of Occluded Objects: Perceiving a complete object despite being partly hidden.

    Infant Development: Motor Development

    • Reflex Behavior: Automatic, involuntary responses for survival.
    • Systems of Action: Complex combinations of motor skills for more precise control.
    • Motor Development Milestones:
      • Head Control: Turning head side-to-side, lifting hands higher, holding head erect in a sitting position.
      • Hand Control: Grasping reflex, transferring objects between hands, developing a pincer grasp.
      • Walking: Standing alone, walking with support, achieving independent walking status.
      • Climbing: Climbing stairs one at a time, running, and jumping.

    Infant Development: Motor Development and Perception

    • Sensory Perception: Understanding the environment and guiding movement.
    • Motor Experience: Refining perceptual understanding of movement consequences.
    • Visual Guidance: Using eyes to guide hand and body movements.
    • Depth Perception: Ability to perceive objects and surfaces in three dimensions.
    • Haptic Perception: Acquiring information about object properties through touch.

    Infant Development: Assessment

    • Denver Developmental Screening Test: Charts development from 1 month to 6 years, identifying developmental delays in areas like gross and fine motor skills, language, personality, and social development.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the essential research methods including quantitative and qualitative research, sampling, and random selection. Additionally, explore the key stages of prenatal development, from germinal to fetal stages, and understand the critical processes involved in human growth. This quiz will help solidify your understanding of these foundational concepts.

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