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Questions and Answers
What structures does the umbilical cord contain?
Which principle describes the development from head to toe?
During which stage does the zygote attach to the uterine wall?
What is a significant indicator of the start of the fetal stage?
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What does the placenta facilitate between the mother and embryo?
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What happens to severely defective embryos during the first trimester?
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How is gestational age typically determined?
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When is the sex of the fetus typically detectable?
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What is a key characteristic of quantitative research?
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Which of the following best describes the longitudinal research design?
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What defines the operational definition in research methods?
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What does confidentiality in research ensure?
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What is the primary purpose of debriefing in research?
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Which sampling method ensures that every person in a population has an equal chance of selection?
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What is the fundamental focus of qualitative research?
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What is a goal of developmental research in psychology?
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What is the purpose of prenatal care methods such as ultrasound and amniocentesis?
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What marks the beginning of Stage 2 during the birth process?
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What is a significant risk factor for prenatal development that can be caused by maternal diseases or infections?
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What occurs during the neonatal period?
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Which condition is primarily associated with nicotine exposure during pregnancy?
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At what point does Stage 3 of the birth process conclude?
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What health issue can arise from incompatible blood types between mother and father during pregnancy?
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What is a common characteristic of neonates during their first few days of life?
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At what age does formal vision screening typically begin for a child?
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Which motor skill development typically occurs around 11 and a half months?
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What is the major motor achievement of infancy?
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Which of the following best describes depth perception?
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What is haptic perception primarily used for?
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How do infants establish visual guidance?
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What ability allows young infants to locate unseen objects effectively?
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At what age can most children balance briefly on one foot and begin to hop?
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What is the average visual acuity level of infants by 8 months?
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Which behavior allows infants to perceive their surroundings as stable despite changes in sensory stimulation?
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At what age do infants typically start to develop the ability to perceive occluded objects as whole?
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What is the primary purpose of the Denver Developmental Screening Test?
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By what age can most infants keep their heads erect while being held or supported in a sitting position?
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What grasping ability do infants typically exhibit by 3 and a half months?
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When do infants typically begin to develop the pincer grasp?
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What visual stimuli are particularly significant in children's social environment?
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How are infants able to track moving objects that are briefly occluded?
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By what age can an average baby build a tower of two cubes?
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Study Notes
Research Methods
- Quantitative Research deals with measurable, numerical data.
- Qualitative Research explores the "how" and "why" of behavior, providing in-depth understanding.
- Sample is a smaller group representing the population under study.
- Random Selection ensures each individual has an equal chance of being chosen for the sample.
Prenatal Development: Stages
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Germinal Stage (fertilization to 2 weeks):
- Creation of the fertilized egg (zygote).
- Cell Division and Attachment to the uterine wall.
- Implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall.
- Formation of the embryonic disk and three cell layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
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Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 weeks):
- Rapid growth and development of vital organs and systems.
- Formation of the placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac.
- Cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles guide development.
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Fetal Stage (8 weeks to birth):
- Bone cells appear, marking the stage's beginning.
- Rapid growth and final development of organs and systems.
- Sex is detectable after three months.
- By the end of the stage, the fetus moves frequently and engages in regular breathing practice.
Risks to Prenatal Development
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Maternal Factors:
- Alcohol Consumption: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).
- Nicotine Use: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
- Incompatible Blood Types: Potential harm to the fetus.
- Maternal Diseases and Infections: Cross the placenta barrier causing damage.
- Environmental Hazards: Radiation, toxic wastes, and chemical pollutants.
Prenatal Care
- Early and high-quality prenatal care is crucial for healthy development.
- Monitoring tools: ultrasound, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, embryoscopy, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, umbilical cord sampling, and maternal blood tests.
The Birth Process
- Stage 1: Labor - Contractions occur every 2-5 minutes, culminating in dilation of the cervix to 10 centimeters.
- Stage 2: Descent and Emergence - The baby's head descends through the cervix and birth canal, ending when the baby is fully delivered.
- Stage 3: Expulsion of the Placenta - The placenta and the remaining umbilical cord are expelled.
- Newborn Baby:
- Neonatal Period (first 4 weeks): Transition from uterus to independent existence.
- Appearance: Distinctive features include a large head, distinctive reflexes, and large ears.
- Vision: Reaches about 40/60 by 6 months, improving to 20/20 by 8 months.
Infant Development: Perceptual Constancy
- Perceptual Constancy: Perception of the world as stable despite sensory changes.
- Size Constancy: Recognizes an object's size even when the retinal image changes.
- Shape Constancy: Recognizes an object's shape even with changes in orientation.
- Perception of Occluded Objects: Perceiving a complete object despite being partly hidden.
Infant Development: Motor Development
- Reflex Behavior: Automatic, involuntary responses for survival.
- Systems of Action: Complex combinations of motor skills for more precise control.
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Motor Development Milestones:
- Head Control: Turning head side-to-side, lifting hands higher, holding head erect in a sitting position.
- Hand Control: Grasping reflex, transferring objects between hands, developing a pincer grasp.
- Walking: Standing alone, walking with support, achieving independent walking status.
- Climbing: Climbing stairs one at a time, running, and jumping.
Infant Development: Motor Development and Perception
- Sensory Perception: Understanding the environment and guiding movement.
- Motor Experience: Refining perceptual understanding of movement consequences.
- Visual Guidance: Using eyes to guide hand and body movements.
- Depth Perception: Ability to perceive objects and surfaces in three dimensions.
- Haptic Perception: Acquiring information about object properties through touch.
Infant Development: Assessment
- Denver Developmental Screening Test: Charts development from 1 month to 6 years, identifying developmental delays in areas like gross and fine motor skills, language, personality, and social development.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the essential research methods including quantitative and qualitative research, sampling, and random selection. Additionally, explore the key stages of prenatal development, from germinal to fetal stages, and understand the critical processes involved in human growth. This quiz will help solidify your understanding of these foundational concepts.
