Chapter 2 Quiz from Lecture Notes

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of psychology according to the text?

The study of language and communication

The study of how we interact with others

The study of physical and biological processes

The study of how we think, feel, and behave (correct)

Why can't we rely on intuition when it comes to learning about the natural world?

Intuition is always correct

Intuition is objective

Intuition is misleading (correct)

Intuition is based on scientific evidence

Why can't we rely on common sense when it comes to generating new knowledge?

Common sense generates new knowledge

Common sense is not objective

Common sense is always correct

Common sense is based on personal experience (correct)

Which type of research allows us to draw cause and effect conclusions?

Experimental research Signup and view all the answers

What is the independent variable in the following statement? 'Drinking milk increases bone density.'

Drinking milk Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable in the following statement? 'Drinking milk increases bone density.'

Bone density Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of experimental research over correlational research?

It allows us to draw cause and effect conclusions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of descriptive research?

To observe and describe Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between rationalism and empiricism?

Rationalism relies on pure reason, while empiricism relies on systematic observation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a falsifiable hypothesis?

A hypothesis that can be proven wrong. Signup and view all the answers

Why is replication important in scientific research?

To ensure the results are consistent Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental rule of naturalistic observation?

Researchers must not interfere with what they are observing Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of correlational research?

To determine if there is a systematic and reliable relationship between two or more variables Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of values for the correlation coefficient (r)?

-1 to 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is a negative correlation?

There is a systematic relationship between two variables and they change in opposite directions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of case study research?

Lack of in-depth information Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why a survey sample must be representative?

To generalize the findings to the population Signup and view all the answers

What is the criteria for random sampling?

Equal chance for every person in the population of interest to participate Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using surveys in research?

Including people who are usually excluded from research Signup and view all the answers

What are confounding variables in experimental research?

Variables that researchers must control because they could interfere with the results Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to control confounding variables in experimental research?

To ensure that the dependent variable is affected by the independent variable being studied Signup and view all the answers

What is random assignment in experimental research?

Assigning participants to the experimental or control group based on chance Signup and view all the answers

What is a placebo in experimental research?

A substance or treatment that is inert and has no therapeutic value Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Definition of Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Intuition and Learning

Intuition can be misleading as it lacks systematic analysis and empirical evidence.

Common Sense and Knowledge Generation

Common sense is often based on personal beliefs and can lead to incorrect conclusions; it is not a reliable method for establishing new knowledge.

Research and Cause-and-Effect

Experimental research allows for drawing cause and effect conclusions due to manipulation of variables.

Independent Variable

In the statement "Drinking milk increases bone density," the independent variable is drinking milk.

Dependent Variable

In the statement "Drinking milk increases bone density," the dependent variable is bone density.

Experimental vs. Correlational Research

Experimental research has the advantage of determining causation, whereas correlational research can only identify relationships between variables.

Purpose of Descriptive Research

Descriptive research aims to provide a detailed account of a phenomenon without manipulating any variables.

Rationalism vs. Empiricism

Rationalism relies on reasoning and logic, while empiricism relies on observation and experience as the primary source of knowledge.

Falsifiable Hypothesis

A falsifiable hypothesis is one that can be proven wrong through evidence or experimentation.

Importance of Replication

Replication is crucial in scientific research to verify results and establish reliability and validity of findings.

Naturalistic Observation Rule

The fundamental rule of naturalistic observation is to observe subjects in their natural environment without interference.

Purpose of Correlational Research

The aim of correlational research is to identify and measure relationships between two or more variables.

Correlation Coefficient Range

The correlation coefficient (r) ranges from -1.0 to +1.0.

Negative Correlation

A negative correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.

Case Study Research Disadvantage

A lack of generalizability is a known disadvantage of case study research, but a detailed insight can be an advantage, not a disadvantage.

Representativeness in Surveys

A survey sample must be representative to ensure that the findings can be generalized to the wider population.

Criteria for Random Sampling

Random sampling ensures that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the survey.

Advantages of Surveys

Surveys can collect data from a large number of respondents efficiently, allowing for statistical analysis.

Confounding Variables

Confounding variables are extraneous factors that may influence the outcome of an experiment and complicate the results.

Importance of Controlling Confounding Variables

Controlling confounding variables is vital to ensure that the results of an experiment are valid and accurately reflect the effects of the independent variable.

Random Assignment

Random assignment is the process of randomly allocating participants to either the experimental or control groups to minimize biases.

Placebo in Experimental Research

A placebo is a control treatment that has no therapeutic effect, used to compare against the actual treatment in experimental research.

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Description

This quiz covers the definition of psychology, the limitations of intuition and common sense in understanding the natural world, and the principles of cause and effect research. It also tests understanding of independent and dependent variables in a research statement.