Memory

According to the multi-store model of memory, how many items can be stored in short-term memory?

Which type of memory has unlimited duration and capacity?

What is the main encoding process in long-term memory according to the multi-store model?

Which criticism can be made of the multi-store model of memory based on the example provided?

According to the working memory model, which component acts as a filter and determines which information is attended to?

Which memory system is responsible for holding auditory information in a speech-based form?

Which slave system in the working memory model is responsible for holding visual and spatial information?

Which memory system acts as a temporary store for information and communicates with both long-term memory and the slave systems of working memory?

According to the Multi-Store Model of memory, which of the following is NOT one of the three stores proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin?

Which type of memory is responsible for holding information for a very short period of time, such as a fraction of a second?

Which type of memory is responsible for holding information that has been rehearsed and can last for a long time?

Which type of rehearsal involves repeating information to keep it in short-term memory?

Which component of working memory is responsible for processing verbal information?

Which type of memory is more resistant to interference?

What is the main limitation of the Working Memory Model?

What did the experiment conducted by Baddeley and Hitch show?

According to the Yerkes-Dodson effect, recall improves as anxiety increases up to an optimal point and then declines. This is because when we are in a state of anxiety, we tend to focus on whatever is making us feel anxious or fearful, and we exclude other information about the situation. Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of anxiety on eyewitness memory?

Which of the following statements is supported by the study by Clifford and Scott (1978)?

Which of the following is a strength of the study by Yuille and Cutshall (1986)?

Which of the following is a technique used in the cognitive interview?

Which technique is used to disrupt the effect of schemas on recall?

What is one limitation of the cognitive interview?

Which technique involves describing the scene in a different chronological order?

What has research shown about using a combination of 'report everything' and 'context reinstatement' in the cognitive interview?

What is one criticism of the cognitive interview?

What is the main purpose of recalling the situation from a different point of view?

According to interference theory, forgetting occurs when information is available in long-term memory but is not accessible due to the absence of appropriate cues. Which of the following is an example of retrieval failure?

Which of the following is true about state-dependent retrieval according to the text?

Which of the following is supported by the study conducted by Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony?

What did the study conducted by Baddeley and Hitch demonstrate?

True or false: The Multi-Store Model of memory proposes that memory consists of three stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).

True or false: Information from short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory only if that information is rehearsed.

True or false: Sensory memory is the information you get from your senses, such as your eyes and ears.

True or false: Maintenance rehearsal is repetition that keeps information in long-term memory.

True or false: Working memory is supported by dual-task studies.

True or false: Procedural memory involves skills such as playing the piano and tying your shoes?

True or false: The KF Case Study supports the Working Memory Model.

True or false: Declarative knowledge involves knowing how to do something?

True or false: Interference is an explanation for forgetting from long-term memory.

True or false: Amnesic patients have difficulty in retaining episodic and semantic information?

True or false: Semantic memory is more resistant to interference than other types of memory.

True or false: The working memory model involves active processing and short-term storage of information?

True or false: The multi-store model of memory states that the depth of memory trace in long-term memory is simply a result of the amount of rehearsal that takes place.

True or false: The role of rehearsal as a means of transferring from short-term memory to long-term memory is much less important than Atkinson and Shiffrin claimed in their model.

True or false: Glanzer and Cunitz's study supports the existence of separate long-term memory and short-term memory stores.

True or false: Tulving proposed a distinction between declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge in long-term memory.

True or false: The participants in the 'smashed' condition reported the lowest speeds.

True or false: Students are representative of the general population in terms of driving experience.

True or false: The Yerkes-Dodson effect states that recall improves as anxiety increases.

True or false: Stress levels have no effect on memory accuracy.

True or false: Interference theory suggests that forgetting occurs when information is available in long-term memory but is not accessible due to the absence of appropriate cues.

True or false: Retrieval cues play a role in triggering the memory of a situation and can lead to better memory recall.

True or false: Context-based cues have been found to be important for retrieval, as recalling information in the same context in which it was learned can improve memory recall.

True or false: State-dependent retrieval refers to the phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall information in the same state or mood in which it was encoded.

Recalling the situation from a different point of view disrupts the effect of schemas on recall.

Recalling the events starting from the end prevents the influence of pre-existing schemas.

The cognitive interview is a time-consuming method compared to a standard police interview.

Training police officers to use the cognitive interview can be expensive and time-consuming.

Using a combination of 'report everything' and 'context reinstatement' produces better recall than using either technique individually.

Geiselman (198.) is not a valid reference to support a statement.

With reference to features of the working memory model, explain the different experiences of Bryan and Bob. (4 marks)

What are the three stores proposed by the multi-store model of memory?

What is the role of rehearsal in transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

What are the three main ways in which information can be encoded according to the multi-store model of memory?

What happens to information in short-term memory if maintenance rehearsal (repetition) does not occur?

What is retrieval failure?

What is the importance of context-based cues for retrieval?

What did the experiment conducted by Baddeley and Hitch show?

How does state-dependent retrieval affect memory recall?

Why can the ability to remember information from a celebrity magazine after reading it only once be used as a criticism of the multi-store model of memory?

What is one strength of the multi-store model of memory?

What is one limitation of the cognitive interview?

What are the three types of long-term memory proposed by Tulving?

What is the Yerkes-Dodson effect?

What is the main technique used in the cognitive interview?

What is one criticism of the study by Clifford and Scott (1978)?

What is a strength of the study by Yuille and Cutshall (1986)?

What is the purpose of recalling the situation from a different point of view?

What is one limitation of the cognitive interview?

What has research shown about using a combination of 'report everything' and 'context reinstatement' in the cognitive interview?

What is a final criticism of the cognitive interview?

What is one criticism of the cognitive interview?

What is the main limitation of the Working Memory Model?

What is the main limitation of the Working Memory Model?

What did the study conducted by Baddeley and Hitch demonstrate?

What is one criticism of the cognitive interview?

Which type of memory is more resistant to interference?

Bob often misses what his driving instructor is telling him because driving requires so much of his ______

Bryan can hold conversations or listen to music while driving because driving has become an ______ task for him

The phonological loop in the working memory model is responsible for holding ______ information in a speech-based form

The visuospatial sketchpad in the working memory model is responsible for holding ______ and spatial information

According to retrieval-failure theory, forgetting occurs when information is available in LTM but is not accessible. Accessibility depends in large part on retrieval _______.

Forgetting is greatest when context and state are very different at encoding and _______.

An interesting experiment conducted by Baddeley indicates the importance of context setting for _______.

The estimated speed was affected by the verb used. The verb implied information about the speed, which systematically affected the participants’ memory of the _______.

According to the Working Memory Model, there are separate STM components for visual information (VSS) and _______ information (phonological loop)

The KF Case Study supports the Working Memory Model. KF suffered brain damage from a motorcycle accident that damaged his short-term memory. KF’s impairment was mainly for _______ information – his memory for visual information was largely unaffected.

Interference is an explanation for forgetting from long-term memory – two sets of information become _______.

Proactive and retroactive Interference is thought to be more likely to occur where the memories are similar, for example: confusing old and new _______ numbers.

According to the multi-store model of memory, information is transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory through the process of ______.

The multi-store model of memory can be criticized for failing to account for how different types of material can result in different depth memory traces even though they’ve both been ______ for a similar amount of time.

The role of ______ as a means of transferring from short-term memory to long-term memory is much less important than Atkinson and Shiffrin claimed in their model.

Words early on in the list were put into ______ memory (primacy effect) because the person has time to rehearse the word, and words from the end went into ______ memory (recency effect).

Recalling the situation from a different point of view disrupts the effect of ______ on recall.

One limitation of the cognitive interview is that it's ______ to conduct and takes much longer than a standard police interview.

Some elements of the cognitive interview may be more valuable than others. For example, research has shown that using a combination of 'report everything' and 'context reinstatement' produced better recall than any of the ______ individually.

A final criticism is that police personnel have to be trained, and this can be expensive and ______-consuming.

Recalling the situation from a different point of view disrupts the effect of ______ on recall.

One limitation of the cognitive interview is that it's ______ to conduct and takes much longer than a standard police interview.

The multistore model of memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin consists of three stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Information passes from store to store in a linear way. Both STM and LTM are _______ stores.

Sensory memory is the information you get from your sense, your eyes, and ears. When attention is paid to something in the environment, it is then converted to _______ memory.

Maintenance rehearsal is repetition that keeps information in STM, but eventually, such repetition will create an _______.

Each store has its own characteristics in terms of encoding, capacity, and duration. Encoding is the way information is changed so that it can be stored in memory. There are three main ways in which information can be encoded (changed): 1. visual (picture), 2. acoustic (sound), and 3. _______ (meaning).

The participants in the 'smashed' condition reported the highest speeds, followed by 'collided,' 'bumped,' 'hit,' and ______ in descending order.

Students are not representative of the general population in a number of ways. Importantly they may be less experienced drivers and, therefore, less confident in their ability to estimate speeds. This may have influenced them to be more swayed by the verb in the question. A strength of the study is it’s easy to replicate (i.e., copy). This is because the method was a laboratory experiment that followed a standardized procedure. Anxiety AO1 The Yerkes-Dodson effect states that when anxiety is at low and high levels, EWT is less accurate than if anxiety is at a medium level. Recall improves as anxiety increases up to an optimal point and then declines. When we are in a state of anxiety, we tend to focus on whatever is making us feel anxious or fearful, and we exclude other information about the situation. If a weapon is used to threaten a victim, their attention is likely to focus on it. Consequently, their recall of other information is likely to be poor. Clifford and Scott (1978) found that people who saw a film of a violent attack remembered fewer of the 40 items of information about the event than a control group who saw a less stressful version. As witnessing a real crime is probably more stressful than taking part in an experiment, memory accuracy may well be even more affected in real life. However, a study by Yuille and Cutshall (1986) contradicts the importance of stress in influencing eyewitness memory. Twenty-one witnesses observed a shooting incident in Canada outside a gun shop in which one person was killed and a 2nd seriously wounded. The incident took place on a major thoroughfare in the mid-afternoon. All of the witnesses were interviewed by the investigating police, and 13 witnesses (aged 15-32 yrs) agreed to a research interview 4-5 months after the event. The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident using a 7-point scale. The eyewitness accounts provided in both the police and research interviews were analyzed and compared. The results of the study showed the witnesses were highly accurate in their accounts, and there was little change in the amount or accuracy of recall after five months. The study also showed that stress levels did not have an effect on memory, contrary to lab findings. All participants showed high levels of accuracy, indicating that stress had little effect on accuracy. However, very high anxiety was linked to better accuracy. Participants who reported the highest levels of stress were most accurate (about 88% accurate compared to 75% for the less-stressed group). AO3 One strength of this study is that it had high ecological validity compared with lab studies which tend to control variables and use student populations as research participants. One weakness of this study was that there was an extraneous variable. The witnesses who experienced the highest levels of stress were actually closer to the event (the shooting), and this may have helped with the accuracy of their memory recall. Reduced accuracy of information may be due to surprise rather than anxiety – Pickel found that identification was least accurate in high surprise conditions rather than high threat conditions – The weapon focus effect may be related to surprise rather than anxiety; therefore, research may lack internal validity. Real-world application: We can apply the Yerkes-Dodson effect to predict that stressful incidents will lead to witnesses having relatively inaccurate memories as their anxiety levels would be above the optimum – We can avoid an over-reliance on eyewitness testimony that may have been impacted by anxiety. The Cognitive Interview AO1 ______

According to the Yerkes-Dodson effect, recall improves as anxiety increases up to an optimal point and then ______.

Reducing the influence of pre-existing schemas on recall is important in the cognitive interview. One technique used to disrupt the effect of schemas on recall is asking witnesses to recall the events starting from the ______.

Match the following stores of the multi-store model of memory with their characteristics:

Match the following types of memory with their descriptions:

Match the following encoding types with their definitions:

Match the following memory processes with their definitions:

Match the following components of the working memory model with their descriptions:

Match the following types of knowledge with their descriptions:

Match the following terms with their definitions from the working memory model:

Match the following individuals with their abilities to recall information:

Match the following studies with their key findings:

Match the following concepts with their descriptions from the Working Memory Model:

Match the following types of interference with their definitions:

Match the following memory types with their characteristics:

Match the following techniques used in the cognitive interview with their descriptions:

Match the following limitations of the cognitive interview with their descriptions:

Match the following elements of the cognitive interview with their effects on recall:

Match the following criticisms of the cognitive interview with their descriptions:

Match the following cognitive interview techniques with their effects on recall:

Match the following elements of the cognitive interview with their descriptions: