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Questions and Answers
What is one of the requirements for informed consent in research involving human subjects?
What is one of the requirements for informed consent in research involving human subjects?
Which principle emphasizes the importance of protecting individuals who cannot make autonomous choices?
Which principle emphasizes the importance of protecting individuals who cannot make autonomous choices?
What does the principle of beneficence in research focus on?
What does the principle of beneficence in research focus on?
Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of research involving human subjects?
Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of research involving human subjects?
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What does privacy in the context of research refer to?
What does privacy in the context of research refer to?
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What is the primary purpose of applied research?
What is the primary purpose of applied research?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary objective of research ethics?
Which of the following is NOT a primary objective of research ethics?
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Which statement accurately reflects the role of ethics in research?
Which statement accurately reflects the role of ethics in research?
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What does the concept of informed consent involve in research ethics?
What does the concept of informed consent involve in research ethics?
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What is one consequence of data manipulation in research?
What is one consequence of data manipulation in research?
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Which obligation must researchers adhere to regarding their colleagues?
Which obligation must researchers adhere to regarding their colleagues?
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How is the process of scientific investigations characterized?
How is the process of scientific investigations characterized?
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What should researchers aim to manage regarding participants?
What should researchers aim to manage regarding participants?
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What constitutes research misconduct in the realm of scientific practices?
What constitutes research misconduct in the realm of scientific practices?
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Which of the following actions would NOT be considered research misconduct?
Which of the following actions would NOT be considered research misconduct?
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How can research misconduct be identified?
How can research misconduct be identified?
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Which example illustrates falsification in research?
Which example illustrates falsification in research?
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What is NOT a characteristic of research misconduct?
What is NOT a characteristic of research misconduct?
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What is considered fabrication in research misconduct?
What is considered fabrication in research misconduct?
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What type of reports are considered unacceptable in scientific research?
What type of reports are considered unacceptable in scientific research?
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Which of the following best describes plagiarism?
Which of the following best describes plagiarism?
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What does confidentiality in research refer to?
What does confidentiality in research refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT a procedure to ensure confidentiality in research?
Which of the following is NOT a procedure to ensure confidentiality in research?
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What principle emphasizes the necessity to maximize benefits and minimize harms in research?
What principle emphasizes the necessity to maximize benefits and minimize harms in research?
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Which principle prohibits the exploitation or exclusion of vulnerable individuals in research?
Which principle prohibits the exploitation or exclusion of vulnerable individuals in research?
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How should researchers justify their research involving human subjects?
How should researchers justify their research involving human subjects?
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Which of the following best defines 'risk' in the context of research?
Which of the following best defines 'risk' in the context of research?
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What type of risks is given the most consideration in research ethics?
What type of risks is given the most consideration in research ethics?
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What is one of the fundamental principles outlined in research ethics?
What is one of the fundamental principles outlined in research ethics?
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What is the primary goal of minimizing risks to participants in research?
What is the primary goal of minimizing risks to participants in research?
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What must be demonstrated when involving vulnerable persons in research?
What must be demonstrated when involving vulnerable persons in research?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of informed consent?
Which of the following is NOT a component of informed consent?
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What factor can adversely affect a participant's ability to make an informed choice?
What factor can adversely affect a participant's ability to make an informed choice?
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What aspect of informed consent is specifically related to the freedom of choice?
What aspect of informed consent is specifically related to the freedom of choice?
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Which characteristic is NOT necessary to consider when presenting information to participants?
Which characteristic is NOT necessary to consider when presenting information to participants?
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Why is it important to ascertain that a participant has understood the research information?
Why is it important to ascertain that a participant has understood the research information?
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What distinguishes ordinary inducements from undue influences in research participation?
What distinguishes ordinary inducements from undue influences in research participation?
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What is the primary responsibility of researchers regarding data integrity?
What is the primary responsibility of researchers regarding data integrity?
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Which ethical principle emphasizes the need to avoid bias in research?
Which ethical principle emphasizes the need to avoid bias in research?
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What should researchers do to show respect for intellectual property?
What should researchers do to show respect for intellectual property?
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Which ethical principle is associated with lifelong education and maintaining professional competence?
Which ethical principle is associated with lifelong education and maintaining professional competence?
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In the context of human subjects research, researchers must prioritize which ethical aspect?
In the context of human subjects research, researchers must prioritize which ethical aspect?
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How should researchers handle confidential communications?
How should researchers handle confidential communications?
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What is the responsibility of researchers when it comes to animal care?
What is the responsibility of researchers when it comes to animal care?
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Research should be conducted in a way that promotes which of the following?
Research should be conducted in a way that promotes which of the following?
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Study Notes
Research Ethics
- Research ethics is a set of guidelines for responsible research conduct.
- Scientists conducting research should ensure high ethical standards.
Retractions in Research
- Over 10,000 research papers were retracted in 2023, a new record.
- This is a significant increase in retractions, and experts view it as a symptom of a wider problem with research integrity.
- Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Russia, and China have the highest retraction rates in recent decades.
- Retractions are driven by issues like fraud in research papers and peer-review processes.
Primary Purpose of Applied Research
- The primary purpose of applied research is to discover, interpret, and develop methods/systems for advancing human knowledge in diverse scientific fields.
Definition of Ethics
- Ethics is the discipline of dealing with what is good and bad, with moral duty and obligation.
- Ethics includes a set of moral principles or values.
- Ethics is the principle of conduct governing an individual or group.
Research Misconduct
- Some research behaviors are so incompatible with scientific principles that they are considered misconduct.
- These actions are significant departures from accepted research practices.
- The actions must have been committed intentionally or knowingly, or recklessly. The actions must be proven.
Data Manipulation
- Researchers manipulate data to deceive others, violating scientific standards.
- This undermines the authority and trustworthiness of researchers, impedes research progress, and misleads colleagues.
- Data manipulation problems can arise from experimental design or careless measurements.
Ethical Concerns in Research Subjects
- Research ethics consider ethical issues when people participate in research projects.
- Protecting human participants including respect for dignity, confidential information, health are key objectives.
- Research must be conducted in a way that benefits individuals, groups, and society.
- Examining ethical soundness of research, considering factors like risk management, maintaining confidentiality and informed consent.
Science and Self-Correction
- Science is built on trust and honesty, and frequently self-corrects to address inaccurate data and interpretations.
- Scientific investigations and ongoing research help correct for or acknowledge errors.
Informed Consent
- Four key elements of informed consent:
- Subjects fully understand the research project.
- Consent is voluntary.
- The person involved has the legal capacity to consent.
- Responsibility for obtaining consent rests with the researcher.
Privacy and Confidentiality
- Privacy relates to individuals' control over access to their behavior, beliefs, and values.
- Confidentiality in research involves not linking the research subject to specific information.
- Procedures for ensuring research confidentiality include obtaining and using anonymous data.
Beneficence
- Participation in research ideally generates more benefits than harms.
- Researchers must maximize possible benefits and minimize potential harm to participants.
Justice in Research
- Avoid exploiting or excluding vulnerable research participants.
- Those who may benefit from research should not be systematically excluded.
- Research must consider the balance of potential benefits and harms for all participants.
Assessment of Benefits and Risks
- Research must be justified by favorable benefit/risk assessments related to the research participant.
- Benefits must outweigh risks, consistent and aligning with the beneficence principle. This means that the potential good should outweigh the potential harm or risk.
Types of Risks and Benefits
- Potential risks or benefits can be physical (pain or injury), psychological, social, or economic.
- Considerations of risks and benefits apply to individuals, families, communities, groups, and organizations.
- Research participants often carry the most significant weight when evaluating risks and benefits.
General Research Principles
- Inhuman treatment of research participants is unacceptable.
- Risks must be minimized to a realistic degree with a justifiable rationale for the risk.
- Justifications are critically important if there are significant risks, especially for vulnerable people.
Informed Consent in Research Methods
- Research staff and participants must fully understand the research procedure
- Participants must be informed of the research purposes and anticipated benefits
- Information must be presented comprehensibly, without duress or coercion.
- Participants should be informed of alternative procedures where applicable, and have the opportunity to ask questions and withdraw from the research.
- Participants should understand the risks, if any.
Comprehension in Informed Consent
- The method and context in which research information is conveyed—including speed, language, and accessibility—are crucial for comprehension.
- Research participants must be able to give informed and voluntary consent.
- Individuals with diminished capacity, like children or those with certain disabilities, need extra considerations.
Ethical Principles
- Honesty in data reporting;
- Objectivity in experimental design and data analyses;
- Integrity in promises and agreements;
- Carefulness in research;
- Openness in sharing data and resources.
- Respect for intellectual property (patents, copyrights);
- Confidentiality;
Social Responsibility, Competence, Legality, Animal Care, and Human Subjects Protection
- Promote social good and prevent social harm in research.
- Maintain and improve your own competence. Obey laws, including institutional rules, regulations.
- Respect and care of animals during research.
- In human research, minimize harms and risks, and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.
Additional Research Ethics Topics
- Unethical practices in medical research (e.g., committed bias, lack of ethical review or irregularities).
- Inappropriate manipulation of peer review.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in research ethics, including guidelines for responsible research conduct and the rising issue of retractions in scientific literature. It highlights the implications of research integrity and the significance of applied research. Gain insights into how ethical standards are essential for advancing knowledge in various fields.
