Research Ethics and Retractions Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the requirements for informed consent in research involving human subjects?

  • Participants must be made fully aware of the nature and purpose of the research (correct)
  • All participants must be compensated for their participation
  • Consent must be provided within 24 hours of the study commencement
  • Consent can be obtained by any member of the research team

Which principle emphasizes the importance of protecting individuals who cannot make autonomous choices?

  • Justice
  • Respect for persons (correct)
  • Beneficence
  • Confidentiality

What does the principle of beneficence in research focus on?

  • Ensuring that the risks are reasonable compared to the potential benefits (correct)
  • Safeguarding the privacy of participants
  • Obtaining consent from a legal guardian if necessary
  • Ensuring that all subjects are treated equally

Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of research involving human subjects?

<p>Confidentiality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does privacy in the context of research refer to?

<p>The ability of individuals to control access to their own information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of applied research?

<p>To discover and develop methods for advancing human knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary objective of research ethics?

<p>To maximize profits for researchers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the role of ethics in research?

<p>Ethics deals with acceptable and unacceptable behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of informed consent involve in research ethics?

<p>Participants must fully understand the research and agree to it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of data manipulation in research?

<p>Misleading colleagues and hindering progress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which obligation must researchers adhere to regarding their colleagues?

<p>To honor the trust placed in them by their colleagues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the process of scientific investigations characterized?

<p>A self-correcting system based on trust and honesty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should researchers aim to manage regarding participants?

<p>The risks involved and protect confidentiality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes research misconduct in the realm of scientific practices?

<p>Fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions would NOT be considered research misconduct?

<p>Accidentally omitting data during analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can research misconduct be identified?

<p>By assessing the intent to deceive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates falsification in research?

<p>Reporting results that were manipulated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of research misconduct?

<p>Inadvertent calculation errors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered fabrication in research misconduct?

<p>Creating false data or results intentionally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reports are considered unacceptable in scientific research?

<p>Routine extensions of previous findings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes plagiarism?

<p>Copying another's work without proper acknowledgment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does confidentiality in research refer to?

<p>Linking information to a person’s identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a procedure to ensure confidentiality in research?

<p>Reporting data in individual form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle emphasizes the necessity to maximize benefits and minimize harms in research?

<p>Beneficence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle prohibits the exploitation or exclusion of vulnerable individuals in research?

<p>Justice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should researchers justify their research involving human subjects?

<p>By conducting a benefit/risk assessment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines 'risk' in the context of research?

<p>A harm or likelihood of harm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of risks is given the most consideration in research ethics?

<p>Risks to individual participants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the fundamental principles outlined in research ethics?

<p>Respect for persons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of minimizing risks to participants in research?

<p>To ensure ethical standards are maintained (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be demonstrated when involving vulnerable persons in research?

<p>The need to involve them is justified (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of informed consent?

<p>Financial compensation details (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can adversely affect a participant's ability to make an informed choice?

<p>Using a confusing format to present information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of informed consent is specifically related to the freedom of choice?

<p>Voluntariness of decision-making (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT necessary to consider when presenting information to participants?

<p>Medical history (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to ascertain that a participant has understood the research information?

<p>To uphold ethical standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes ordinary inducements from undue influences in research participation?

<p>The vulnerability of the participant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of researchers regarding data integrity?

<p>To report data honestly and accurately (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle emphasizes the need to avoid bias in research?

<p>Objectivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should researchers do to show respect for intellectual property?

<p>Give credit where it is due and avoid plagiarism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle is associated with lifelong education and maintaining professional competence?

<p>Competence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of human subjects research, researchers must prioritize which ethical aspect?

<p>Minimizing harms and maximizing benefits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should researchers handle confidential communications?

<p>They must protect them from unauthorized access (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of researchers when it comes to animal care?

<p>Show appropriate respect and care for animals used in research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research should be conducted in a way that promotes which of the following?

<p>Social good and prevention of social harms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Research Misconduct

Intentionally deceiving colleagues through falsification, fabrication, or plagiarism in research.

Human Participant Research Ethics

Protecting human research subjects through guidelines (national regulations, professional codes), minimizing risks, maximizing benefits, obtaining informed consent, and maintaining privacy/confidentiality.

Informed Consent

Voluntary agreement to participate in research after receiving clear information about study details.

Respect for Persons (Research Ethics)

Protecting autonomy and protecting those unable to make their own decisions; subjects need adequate information for informed consent.

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Privacy and Confidentiality (Research)

Controlling access to personal information (behaviors, beliefs, values) in research. Preserving the anonymity of participants' data.

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Fabrication

Creating false data or results and recording or reporting them.

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Falsification

Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or altering or omitting data to misrepresent the research.

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Plagiarism

Using another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without proper attribution.

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FFP

Abbreviation for Fabrication, Falsification, and Plagiarism

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Honest Error or Negligence

Unintentional mistakes or lapses in research, not constituting misconduct.

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Incremental Research Reports

Reports that extend previous findings but do not substantially advance knowledge.

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Questionable Research Practices (QRP)

Ethical concerns related to research.

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Applied Research Purpose

To discover, interpret, and develop methods and systems for advancing human knowledge in various scientific fields.

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Research Ethics

Guidelines for responsible research conduct when dealing with human participants, ensuring protection, confidentiality, and the overall public good. It analyzes potential ethical issues in research.

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Ethical Research Objectives

Protecting human participants (dignity, privacy, health), ensuring research serves the interests of individuals/groups/society and examining research for ethical sound practice.

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Data Manipulation Consequences

Manipulating research data deceptively violates scientific standards, misleads colleagues, undermines authority, and hinders progress in the field.

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Obligations of Researchers

Researchers are obligated to honor their colleagues' trust, act responsibly towards themselves, and conduct research that serves the public good.

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Science Self-Correcting

Science is built on trust and honesty, and errors in data or interpretations are typically corrected through further scientific investigations.

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Ethics Definition

Set of moral principles or values governing conduct, distinguishing acceptable and unacceptable behavior; principle or standard of proper conduct.

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Research Ethics Focus

Examines ethical issues specifically related to human participants in research, taking into account factors like dignity, confidentiality, and health.

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Confidentiality in Research

Protecting participants' identities by ensuring their personal information isn't linked to their research data.

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Informed Consent: Confidentiality

Informed consent forms need to clearly describe how researchers will protect participant confidentiality.

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Beneficence in Research

Ensuring the potential benefits of research outweigh the risks to participants.

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Justice in Research

Fairly distributing the risks and benefits of research, avoiding exploitation of vulnerable groups.

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Balancing Benefits and Risks

Researchers must justify their research by demonstrating that the potential benefits outweigh the risks for the participant.

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Types of Risks and Benefits

Risks and benefits in research can be physical, psychological, social, or economic.

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Participant's Well-being

Protecting participants from harm and maximizing their well-being is paramount in research.

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Inhumane Treatment

There is absolutely no justification for unethical or inhumane treatment of research participants.

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Unjustifiable Pressure

When someone in authority forces you to do something, especially if they can punish you for refusing.

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Honesty in Research

Reporting data, results, and methods truthfully, without making things up or misleading others.

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Objectivity in Research

Being fair and unbiased in every step of the research process, from design to results and conclusions.

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Integrity in Research

Keeping promises, being sincere, and ensuring your actions match your beliefs.

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Carefulness in Research

Being thorough and attentive, minimizing mistakes and negligence.

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Openness in Research

Sharing data, ideas, resources, and being willing to learn and adapt.

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Respect Intellectual Property

Honoring patents, copyrights, and giving credit to others' ideas.

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Minimizing Research Risks

Researchers must reduce risks to participants to the absolute minimum, especially if a significant risk is involved. Justification for risky research must be carefully evaluated.

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Vulnerable Participants

When research involves vulnerable individuals (e.g., children, people with disabilities), researchers must carefully demonstrate the necessity of involving them in the study.

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What's included in informed consent?

Informed consent includes: detailed information about the research procedure, purpose, potential risks and benefits, alternative procedures (when applicable), and the right to ask questions or withdraw at any time.

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Comprehension in Informed Consent

Informed consent requires that information is conveyed in a way that is understandable to the participant. Researchers must adapt the presentation to the participant's comprehension level.

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Voluntariness in Informed Consent

Participants must be free from pressure or undue influence when making the decision to participate in research. Researchers must ensure there are no inappropriate inducements.

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Adapting Information for Comprehension

Research information must be presented in a way that considers the participant's intelligence, maturity, language skills, and any potential disabilities.

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Investigator's Responsibility

Researchers are responsible for ensuring that participants understand the information provided and have the opportunity to ask questions and clarify their understanding.

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Special Circumstances for Consent

When individuals have limitations in comprehension (e.g., young children, people with disabilities), researchers must make special provisions to ensure informed consent is obtained.

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Study Notes

Research Ethics

  • Research ethics is a set of guidelines for responsible research conduct.
  • Scientists conducting research should ensure high ethical standards.

Retractions in Research

  • Over 10,000 research papers were retracted in 2023, a new record.
  • This is a significant increase in retractions, and experts view it as a symptom of a wider problem with research integrity.
  • Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Russia, and China have the highest retraction rates in recent decades.
  • Retractions are driven by issues like fraud in research papers and peer-review processes.

Primary Purpose of Applied Research

  • The primary purpose of applied research is to discover, interpret, and develop methods/systems for advancing human knowledge in diverse scientific fields.

Definition of Ethics

  • Ethics is the discipline of dealing with what is good and bad, with moral duty and obligation.
  • Ethics includes a set of moral principles or values.
  • Ethics is the principle of conduct governing an individual or group.

Research Misconduct

  • Some research behaviors are so incompatible with scientific principles that they are considered misconduct.
  • These actions are significant departures from accepted research practices.
  • The actions must have been committed intentionally or knowingly, or recklessly. The actions must be proven.

Data Manipulation

  • Researchers manipulate data to deceive others, violating scientific standards.
  • This undermines the authority and trustworthiness of researchers, impedes research progress, and misleads colleagues.
  • Data manipulation problems can arise from experimental design or careless measurements.

Ethical Concerns in Research Subjects

  • Research ethics consider ethical issues when people participate in research projects.
  • Protecting human participants including respect for dignity, confidential information, health are key objectives.
  • Research must be conducted in a way that benefits individuals, groups, and society.
  • Examining ethical soundness of research, considering factors like risk management, maintaining confidentiality and informed consent.

Science and Self-Correction

  • Science is built on trust and honesty, and frequently self-corrects to address inaccurate data and interpretations.
  • Scientific investigations and ongoing research help correct for or acknowledge errors.
  • Four key elements of informed consent:
    • Subjects fully understand the research project.
    • Consent is voluntary.
    • The person involved has the legal capacity to consent.
    • Responsibility for obtaining consent rests with the researcher.

Privacy and Confidentiality

  • Privacy relates to individuals' control over access to their behavior, beliefs, and values.
  • Confidentiality in research involves not linking the research subject to specific information.
  • Procedures for ensuring research confidentiality include obtaining and using anonymous data.

Beneficence

  • Participation in research ideally generates more benefits than harms.
  • Researchers must maximize possible benefits and minimize potential harm to participants.

Justice in Research

  • Avoid exploiting or excluding vulnerable research participants.
  • Those who may benefit from research should not be systematically excluded.
  • Research must consider the balance of potential benefits and harms for all participants.

Assessment of Benefits and Risks

  • Research must be justified by favorable benefit/risk assessments related to the research participant.
  • Benefits must outweigh risks, consistent and aligning with the beneficence principle. This means that the potential good should outweigh the potential harm or risk.

Types of Risks and Benefits

  • Potential risks or benefits can be physical (pain or injury), psychological, social, or economic.
  • Considerations of risks and benefits apply to individuals, families, communities, groups, and organizations.
  • Research participants often carry the most significant weight when evaluating risks and benefits.

General Research Principles

  • Inhuman treatment of research participants is unacceptable.
  • Risks must be minimized to a realistic degree with a justifiable rationale for the risk.
  • Justifications are critically important if there are significant risks, especially for vulnerable people.
  • Research staff and participants must fully understand the research procedure
  • Participants must be informed of the research purposes and anticipated benefits
  • Information must be presented comprehensibly, without duress or coercion.
  • Participants should be informed of alternative procedures where applicable, and have the opportunity to ask questions and withdraw from the research.
  • Participants should understand the risks, if any.
  • The method and context in which research information is conveyed—including speed, language, and accessibility—are crucial for comprehension.
  • Research participants must be able to give informed and voluntary consent.
  • Individuals with diminished capacity, like children or those with certain disabilities, need extra considerations.

Ethical Principles

  • Honesty in data reporting;
  • Objectivity in experimental design and data analyses;
  • Integrity in promises and agreements;
  • Carefulness in research;
  • Openness in sharing data and resources.
  • Respect for intellectual property (patents, copyrights);
  • Confidentiality;

Social Responsibility, Competence, Legality, Animal Care, and Human Subjects Protection

  • Promote social good and prevent social harm in research.
  • Maintain and improve your own competence. Obey laws, including institutional rules, regulations.
  • Respect and care of animals during research.
  • In human research, minimize harms and risks, and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.

Additional Research Ethics Topics

  • Unethical practices in medical research (e.g., committed bias, lack of ethical review or irregularities).
  • Inappropriate manipulation of peer review.

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This quiz covers key concepts in research ethics, including guidelines for responsible research conduct and the rising issue of retractions in scientific literature. It highlights the implications of research integrity and the significance of applied research. Gain insights into how ethical standards are essential for advancing knowledge in various fields.

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