Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of frequency claims in research?
What is the primary goal of frequency claims in research?
- To correlate two independent measures
- To establish causation between variables
- To describe the rate or frequency of a variable (correct)
- To predict the relationship between two variables
Which statement best defines an association claim in research?
Which statement best defines an association claim in research?
- It looks at the frequency of a single variable.
- It determines the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.
- It measures the direct impact of one variable on another.
- It predicts the relationship between two variables. (correct)
What does the correlation coefficient (r) indicate?
What does the correlation coefficient (r) indicate?
- The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables (correct)
- The statistical significance of the study's outcomes
- The degree of manipulation applied to the variables
- The rate of frequency of the variables being studied
What is an example of a manipulated variable?
What is an example of a manipulated variable?
Which of the following correctly describes a causal claim?
Which of the following correctly describes a causal claim?
Which statement about correlation is true?
Which statement about correlation is true?
What type of claim seeks to provide insight into the relationship between gratitude and relationship satisfaction?
What type of claim seeks to provide insight into the relationship between gratitude and relationship satisfaction?
Which of the following is a characteristic of internal validity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of internal validity?
What does internal validity primarily assess?
What does internal validity primarily assess?
Which aspect does external validity evaluate?
Which aspect does external validity evaluate?
What does effect size measure in the context of statistical validity?
What does effect size measure in the context of statistical validity?
What happens in a Type I error?
What happens in a Type I error?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for establishing causation between two variables?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for establishing causation between two variables?
Why is a larger sample size significant in statistical validity?
Why is a larger sample size significant in statistical validity?
What is meant by 'confidence interval' in the context of statistical validity?
What is meant by 'confidence interval' in the context of statistical validity?
What is the purpose of assessing the power of a study?
What is the purpose of assessing the power of a study?
What type of claim is made when gratitude is asserted to be related to greater relationship satisfaction?
What type of claim is made when gratitude is asserted to be related to greater relationship satisfaction?
Which of the following is not a criterion for making a causal claim?
Which of the following is not a criterion for making a causal claim?
What is the relationship between gratitude and relationship satisfaction in terms of research classification?
What is the relationship between gratitude and relationship satisfaction in terms of research classification?
Which type of research goal involves determining how common a behavior or phenomenon is?
Which type of research goal involves determining how common a behavior or phenomenon is?
What does manipulating gratitude in an experiment allow researchers to establish?
What does manipulating gratitude in an experiment allow researchers to establish?
Which claim suggests that expressing gratitude increases relationship satisfaction?
Which claim suggests that expressing gratitude increases relationship satisfaction?
Which of the following best describes the function of temporal precedence in causal claims?
Which of the following best describes the function of temporal precedence in causal claims?
In the context of research validity, which aspect evaluates how well the measures actually assess the concepts they are intended to?
In the context of research validity, which aspect evaluates how well the measures actually assess the concepts they are intended to?
What does internal validity specifically require in an experiment?
What does internal validity specifically require in an experiment?
What is meant by random assignment in an experimental context?
What is meant by random assignment in an experimental context?
Which aspect is not evaluated under internal validity?
Which aspect is not evaluated under internal validity?
What is the primary goal of external validity?
What is the primary goal of external validity?
Which statement defines statistical validity in research?
Which statement defines statistical validity in research?
In a study where violent video games are assessed for their impact on aggression, what does the hypothesis predict?
In a study where violent video games are assessed for their impact on aggression, what does the hypothesis predict?
What does an effect size of d = .20 typically suggest?
What does an effect size of d = .20 typically suggest?
What is an important factor to consider for construct validity?
What is an important factor to consider for construct validity?
Flashcards
External Validity
External Validity
How well a study's results can be generalized to other people, situations, and settings outside the original study.
Statistical Validity
Statistical Validity
The accuracy and reasonableness of the statistical conclusions drawn from a study.
Construct Validity
Construct Validity
The extent to which a study measures the intended construct or concept.
Internal Validity
Internal Validity
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Type 1 Error
Type 1 Error
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Type 2 Error
Type 2 Error
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Effect Size
Effect Size
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Confidence Interval
Confidence Interval
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Frequency Claim
Frequency Claim
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Association Claim
Association Claim
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Correlational Study
Correlational Study
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Correlation Coefficient (r)
Correlation Coefficient (r)
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Positive Association
Positive Association
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Negative Association
Negative Association
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No Association
No Association
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Correlation Does Not Equal Causation
Correlation Does Not Equal Causation
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Independent Variable
Independent Variable
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Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Random Assignment
Random Assignment
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Tradeoffs
Tradeoffs
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Causal Claim
Causal Claim
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Study Notes
Research Claims & Validity
- Research claims categorize research goals as describing, predicting, or explaining.
- Frequency claims describe the rate or frequency of a variable.
- Association claims predict the relationship between two variables.
- Causal claims explain the relationship between variables.
- Association claims can be correlational studies or measure the strength of a relationship using a correlation coefficient.
- Positive and negative associations between variables follow specific patterns in scatterplots.
- A correlation does not imply causation
- Frequency claims look at a single variable to describe how common it is. Example: the percentage of people in committed relationships who met through online dating
Evaluating Research
- Four types of validity evaluate a study's quality: construct, external, statistical, and internal validity.
- Construct validity assesses how well variables are measured or manipulated in a study.
- External validity describes how generalizable the study results are to other people, contexts, or methods.
- Statistical validity examines how strong an effect is and the precision of an estimate.
- Internal validity determines whether A (the independent variable) or C (some other variable) explains changes in B (the dependent variable) in a relationship.
- Causal claims require covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity
- Evaluating frequency claims involves looking at the margin of error and confidence intervals.
- Evaluating association claims involves using effect size and confidence interval.
- Evaluating causal claims requires identifying confounds and using random assignment.
Variables
- Independent variables are manipulated, while dependent variables are measured to see their impact.
- Correlational studies typically involve predictor and outcome variables.
- Variables need clear and specific operational definitions for precise measurements.
- Independent variables are the causal factors.
- Dependent variables are the outcomes
- Constant factors do not change with an experiment
- Different levels or conditions of an independent variable change outcomes depending on their influence on the dependent variable.
Operational Definitions
- Operational definitions precisely specify how variables are measured or manipulated.
- This clarity avoids ambiguity and ensures consistent measurement.
- Operational definition is important as different measurement techniques will affect the end result.
- Providing distinct and verifiable operational definitions of variables is critical for accurately measuring them and ensuring that the outcome of an investigation is not influenced or distorted by the lack thereof
Practice Questions Example
- Research goal examples (frequency, association, causal)
- Examples involving the variables selfies and narcissism.
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