Research Claims & Validity Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of frequency claims in research?

  • To correlate two independent measures
  • To establish causation between variables
  • To describe the rate or frequency of a variable (correct)
  • To predict the relationship between two variables

    • Which statement best defines an association claim in research?

  • It looks at the frequency of a single variable.
  • It determines the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.
  • It measures the direct impact of one variable on another.
  • It predicts the relationship between two variables. (correct)

    • What does the correlation coefficient (r) indicate?

  • The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables (correct)
  • The statistical significance of the study's outcomes
  • The degree of manipulation applied to the variables
  • The rate of frequency of the variables being studied

    • What is an example of a manipulated variable?

    <p>Type of meditation used in a mindfulness study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a causal claim?

    <p>It identifies a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about correlation is true?

    <p>A correlation of r = 0.0 indicates no association between the variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of claim seeks to provide insight into the relationship between gratitude and relationship satisfaction?

    <p>Association claims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of internal validity?

    <p>The ability to establish a cause-and-effect relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does internal validity primarily assess?

    <p>The elimination of third-variable explanations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect does external validity evaluate?

    <p>The ability to replicate results in different contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does effect size measure in the context of statistical validity?

    <p>The strength of the association between variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in a Type I error?

    <p>An association is incorrectly concluded to exist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criterion for establishing causation between two variables?

    <p>Statistical significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a larger sample size significant in statistical validity?

    <p>It reduces the chances of Type II errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'confidence interval' in the context of statistical validity?

    <p>The range of values within which a population parameter falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing the power of a study?

    <p>To gauge the likelihood of detecting an effect if one exists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of claim is made when gratitude is asserted to be related to greater relationship satisfaction?

    <p>Association claim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a criterion for making a causal claim?

    <p>Sample size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between gratitude and relationship satisfaction in terms of research classification?

    <p>Gratitude is the predictor variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research goal involves determining how common a behavior or phenomenon is?

    <p>Descriptive goal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does manipulating gratitude in an experiment allow researchers to establish?

    <p>The causal relationship between gratitude and relationship satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which claim suggests that expressing gratitude increases relationship satisfaction?

    <p>Causal claim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of temporal precedence in causal claims?

    <p>Establishing that the cause occurs before the effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of research validity, which aspect evaluates how well the measures actually assess the concepts they are intended to?

    <p>Construct validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does internal validity specifically require in an experiment?

    <p>There is only one explanation for the change in the dependent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by random assignment in an experimental context?

    <p>Everyone has an equal chance of being selected for any condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is not evaluated under internal validity?

    <p>Generalization of findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of external validity?

    <p>To ensure findings are applicable to various populations and settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement defines statistical validity in research?

    <p>It examines if the findings are quantitatively significant and reliable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a study where violent video games are assessed for their impact on aggression, what does the hypothesis predict?

    <p>Participants playing violent video games will be more aggressive than those playing non-violent games</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an effect size of d = .20 typically suggest?

    <p>A small effect is present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important factor to consider for construct validity?

    <p>If the measurements accurately reflect the intended concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Claims & Validity

    • Research claims categorize research goals as describing, predicting, or explaining.
    • Frequency claims describe the rate or frequency of a variable.
    • Association claims predict the relationship between two variables.
    • Causal claims explain the relationship between variables.
    • Association claims can be correlational studies or measure the strength of a relationship using a correlation coefficient.
    • Positive and negative associations between variables follow specific patterns in scatterplots.
    • A correlation does not imply causation
    • Frequency claims look at a single variable to describe how common it is. Example: the percentage of people in committed relationships who met through online dating

    Evaluating Research

    • Four types of validity evaluate a study's quality: construct, external, statistical, and internal validity.
    • Construct validity assesses how well variables are measured or manipulated in a study.
    • External validity describes how generalizable the study results are to other people, contexts, or methods.
    • Statistical validity examines how strong an effect is and the precision of an estimate.
    • Internal validity determines whether A (the independent variable) or C (some other variable) explains changes in B (the dependent variable) in a relationship.
    • Causal claims require covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity
    • Evaluating frequency claims involves looking at the margin of error and confidence intervals.
    • Evaluating association claims involves using effect size and confidence interval.
    • Evaluating causal claims requires identifying confounds and using random assignment.

    Variables

    • Independent variables are manipulated, while dependent variables are measured to see their impact.
    • Correlational studies typically involve predictor and outcome variables.
    • Variables need clear and specific operational definitions for precise measurements.
    • Independent variables are the causal factors.
    • Dependent variables are the outcomes
    • Constant factors do not change with an experiment
    • Different levels or conditions of an independent variable change outcomes depending on their influence on the dependent variable.

    Operational Definitions

    • Operational definitions precisely specify how variables are measured or manipulated.
    • This clarity avoids ambiguity and ensures consistent measurement.
    • Operational definition is important as different measurement techniques will affect the end result.
    • Providing distinct and verifiable operational definitions of variables is critical for accurately measuring them and ensuring that the outcome of an investigation is not influenced or distorted by the lack thereof

    Practice Questions Example

    • Research goal examples (frequency, association, causal)
    • Examples involving the variables selfies and narcissism.

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    Related Documents

    Lecture 5: Research Claims & Validity PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of research claims, including frequency, association, and causal claims. It also delves into the four types of validity used to evaluate research quality: construct, external, statistical, and internal validity. Test your understanding of how these concepts interrelate in research design.

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