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Questions and Answers
What is validity defined as in research methods?
Which type of validity assesses whether a relationship between two variables is causal?
What does the term 'confounding' refer to in research validity?
Which of the following is a type of research validity?
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What is the primary challenge in establishing internal validity?
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Which type of validity indicates how well a test measures the concept it is intended to measure?
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What does external validity refer to in research?
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Which type of validity deals with the proper use of statistical methods in research?
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What is the term for the observed effects between the independent and dependent variable due to an event occurring outside the treatment of interest?
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Which of the following is a source of error related to naturally occurring changes during a study?
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What effect does an increasing number of tests on a participant generally have?
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What issue arises when participants drop out of a study, potentially impacting validity?
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Which of the following represents a critical factor in multi-group study designs to ensure reliable results?
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What statistical phenomenon refers to participants with extreme scores tending to score closer to the mean on a subsequent measure?
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What does external validity assess in research studies?
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Which variable can affect participant outcomes due to the time between measurements?
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What is population validity primarily concerned with?
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Which factor can enhance external validity?
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What does statistical conclusion validity assess?
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What is a primary threat to statistical conclusion validity?
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Which of the following best defines construct validity?
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What can cause a lack of construct validity?
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Which effect describes the tendency of participants to change behavior when being observed?
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What is a key consideration when evaluating external validity?
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Study Notes
Research Validity Overview
- Validity refers to the appropriateness of inferences drawn from data, essential for evaluating tests and research.
- Validity includes understanding data through direct observations rather than impressions or opinions, focusing on the appropriateness of the inferences based on the specific purpose.
Types of Validity
- Validity is categorized into two main types:
- Test and measurement validity: includes criterion-related, content-related, and construct-related validity.
- Research or experimental validity: encompasses internal, external, statistical conclusion, and construct validity.
Internal Validity
- Measures the degree to which researchers can confirm a causal relationship between independent (IV) and dependent variables (DV).
- Ensured when the observed effects are attributable solely to the IV, free from influence by extraneous variables (EV).
- Threats to internal validity:
- History: External events occurring between measurements.
- Maturation: Natural changes over time affecting results.
- Testing: Familiarity with the testing instrument influencing responses.
- Mortality/Attrition: Participant dropouts affect the study's integrity.
- Selection: Sampling bias affecting group comparability.
- Regression effects: Statistical tendency for extreme scores to shift towards the mean.
External Validity
- Addresses the generalizability of research findings to different settings, participants, and times.
- Critical for understanding whether results apply broadly beyond the specific study context.
- Threats to external validity:
- Selection treatment interaction: Concerns over representativeness of convenience samples.
- Setting treatment interaction: Variability in ecological validity across settings.
- History treatment interaction: Temporal validity issues regarding the impact of time on results.
- Improving external validity can involve random sampling.
Statistical Conclusion Validity
- Concerns the accuracy of conclusions derived from statistical analyses, focusing on the relationships between IV and DV.
- Threats include:
- Low statistical power: The likelihood of correctly identifying true relationships, which increases with larger sample sizes.
- Violations of statistical test assumptions.
- Reliability of measurement tools, which must be ensured to validate findings.
Construct Validity
- Involves the relevance of theoretical labels assigned to observations and whether the study results support the underlying theory.
- Evaluates if alternative theories could explain the results similarly.
- Threats include:
- Weak theory-experiment connections.
- Evaluation apprehension: Changes in participant behavior due to awareness of being studied (Hawthorne Effect).
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Description
This quiz covers the concept of validity in research methods, emphasizing the appropriateness of inferences drawn from data. It evaluates key criteria for testing and measuring validity and the importance of data observations over impressions. Join us to sharpen your understanding of research validity.
