20 Questions
Which type of design allows researchers to treat each participant as their own control and requires fewer participants than independent-groups designs?
Within-groups design
In which type of design are participants exposed to all levels of the independent variable?
Within-groups design
In which type of design are participants tested on the dependent variable after each exposure to an independent variable condition?
Repeated-measures design
In which type of design are participants exposed to at least two levels of an independent variable at the same time and then indicate a preference for one level?
Concurrent-measures design
Which validity involves evaluating whether the variables were manipulated and measured in ways consistent with the theory behind the experiment?
Construct validity
Which validity involves asking whether the experiment's results can be generalized to other people or to other situations and settings?
External validity
Which validity involves looking for design confounds and seeing whether the researchers used techniques such as random assignment and counterbalancing?
Internal validity
Which validity starts by asking about the effect size, precision of the estimate as assessed by the 95% CI, and whether the study has been replicated?
Statistical validity
What are the potential drawbacks of within-groups designs?
Potential for order effects and demand characteristics
What advantage do within-groups designs have over independent-groups designs?
Ability to treat each participant as their own control
Which of the following is NOT a reason why experiments support causal claims?
They allow researchers to establish external validity.
What are the three potential internal validity threats that researchers work to avoid in experiments?
Design confounds, selection effects, and order effects.
What is the purpose of random assignment or matched groups in independent-groups designs?
To establish internal validity.
In which type of design are different participants exposed to each level of the independent variable?
Independent-groups design.
In which type of design are participants randomly assigned to one of at least two levels of an independent variable and then measured once on the dependent variable?
Posttest-only design.
In which type of design are participants randomly assigned to one of at least two levels of an independent variable and are then measured on a dependent variable twice?
Pretest/posttest design.
What is the purpose of conducting a well-designed experiment to support a causal claim?
To establish internal validity.
What is the effect of taking notes on a laptop rather than in longhand, according to the experiment mentioned?
It caused students to do worse on a conceptual test of lecture material.
What is the effect of babies watching adults being persistent, according to the experiment mentioned?
Babies try harder on a subsequent task.
What is the purpose of deliberately keeping all extraneous variables constant in experiments?
To establish internal validity.
Test your knowledge on causal claims and well-designed experiments with this quiz! Learn about the importance of supporting causal claims and explore two examples of simple experiments. Discover how taking notes on a laptop versus longhand affects student performance and gain insights on the impact of adult-watching on babies.
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