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Questions and Answers
Which type of design allows researchers to treat each participant as their own control and requires fewer participants than independent-groups designs?
Which type of design allows researchers to treat each participant as their own control and requires fewer participants than independent-groups designs?
In which type of design are participants exposed to all levels of the independent variable?
In which type of design are participants exposed to all levels of the independent variable?
In which type of design are participants tested on the dependent variable after each exposure to an independent variable condition?
In which type of design are participants tested on the dependent variable after each exposure to an independent variable condition?
In which type of design are participants exposed to at least two levels of an independent variable at the same time and then indicate a preference for one level?
In which type of design are participants exposed to at least two levels of an independent variable at the same time and then indicate a preference for one level?
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Which validity involves evaluating whether the variables were manipulated and measured in ways consistent with the theory behind the experiment?
Which validity involves evaluating whether the variables were manipulated and measured in ways consistent with the theory behind the experiment?
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Which validity involves asking whether the experiment's results can be generalized to other people or to other situations and settings?
Which validity involves asking whether the experiment's results can be generalized to other people or to other situations and settings?
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Which validity involves looking for design confounds and seeing whether the researchers used techniques such as random assignment and counterbalancing?
Which validity involves looking for design confounds and seeing whether the researchers used techniques such as random assignment and counterbalancing?
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Which validity starts by asking about the effect size, precision of the estimate as assessed by the 95% CI, and whether the study has been replicated?
Which validity starts by asking about the effect size, precision of the estimate as assessed by the 95% CI, and whether the study has been replicated?
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What are the potential drawbacks of within-groups designs?
What are the potential drawbacks of within-groups designs?
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What advantage do within-groups designs have over independent-groups designs?
What advantage do within-groups designs have over independent-groups designs?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason why experiments support causal claims?
Which of the following is NOT a reason why experiments support causal claims?
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What are the three potential internal validity threats that researchers work to avoid in experiments?
What are the three potential internal validity threats that researchers work to avoid in experiments?
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What is the purpose of random assignment or matched groups in independent-groups designs?
What is the purpose of random assignment or matched groups in independent-groups designs?
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In which type of design are different participants exposed to each level of the independent variable?
In which type of design are different participants exposed to each level of the independent variable?
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In which type of design are participants randomly assigned to one of at least two levels of an independent variable and then measured once on the dependent variable?
In which type of design are participants randomly assigned to one of at least two levels of an independent variable and then measured once on the dependent variable?
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In which type of design are participants randomly assigned to one of at least two levels of an independent variable and are then measured on a dependent variable twice?
In which type of design are participants randomly assigned to one of at least two levels of an independent variable and are then measured on a dependent variable twice?
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What is the purpose of conducting a well-designed experiment to support a causal claim?
What is the purpose of conducting a well-designed experiment to support a causal claim?
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What is the effect of taking notes on a laptop rather than in longhand, according to the experiment mentioned?
What is the effect of taking notes on a laptop rather than in longhand, according to the experiment mentioned?
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What is the effect of babies watching adults being persistent, according to the experiment mentioned?
What is the effect of babies watching adults being persistent, according to the experiment mentioned?
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What is the purpose of deliberately keeping all extraneous variables constant in experiments?
What is the purpose of deliberately keeping all extraneous variables constant in experiments?
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Study Notes
Research Designs
- Within-groups design allows researchers to treat each participant as their own control, requiring fewer participants than independent-groups designs.
- In within-groups design, participants are exposed to all levels of the independent variable.
- Participants in within-groups designs are tested on the dependent variable after each exposure to an independent variable condition.
- A simultaneous presentation of at least two levels of an independent variable occurs in a simultaneous choice design, where participants indicate a preference for one level.
Types of Validity
- Construct validity evaluates whether the variables were manipulated and measured in ways consistent with the underlying theory of the experiment.
- External validity addresses whether the experiment's results can be generalized to other people or different situations and settings.
- Statistical validity examines design confounds and evaluates if techniques like random assignment and counterbalancing were used appropriately.
- The focus of statistical validity includes assessing effect size, the precision of estimates through 95% confidence intervals, and checking for study replication.
Advantages and Drawbacks of Designs
- Potential drawbacks of within-groups designs include practice effects, fatigue, and carryover effects.
- Within-groups designs offer advantages over independent-groups designs such as increased statistical power and reduced variability due to individual differences.
Causal Claims in Experiments
- Not all designs can firmly establish causal claims; for example, experiments may lack a control for confounding factors.
- Three internal validity threats that researchers seek to avoid in experiments include selection effects, order effects, and maturation effects.
- The purpose of random assignment or matched groups in independent-groups designs is to reduce the influence of pre-existing differences among participants.
Independent-Groups Designs
- In independent-groups designs, different participants are exposed to each level of the independent variable.
- Participants in independent-groups designs are randomly assigned to one of at least two levels of an independent variable and measured once on the dependent variable.
- Participants in independent-groups designs can also be randomly assigned to one of at least two levels of an independent variable and then measured on a dependent variable multiple times.
Experimental Purpose and Effects
- Conducting well-designed experiments aims to robustly support causal claims.
- Taking notes on a laptop instead of in longhand may affect retention and understanding, as indicated by results of experimental studies.
- Observing adults being persistent influences babies' behavior, potentially enhancing their own persistence levels through social learning.
- Deliberately keeping extraneous variables constant in experiments aims to improve internal validity and isolate the effect of the independent variable.
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Description
Test your knowledge on causal claims and well-designed experiments with this quiz! Learn about the importance of supporting causal claims and explore two examples of simple experiments. Discover how taking notes on a laptop versus longhand affects student performance and gain insights on the impact of adult-watching on babies.
