Reproductive Behaviors and Sex Hormones
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Questions and Answers

What potential advantage might genes associated with same-sex orientation provide?

  • Increased intelligence in offspring
  • Enhanced survival of relatives' children (correct)
  • Greater resistance to diseases
  • Higher likelihood of same-sex offspring

    • How might prenatal stress affect hormone levels related to brain development?

  • It has no effect on hormone levels
  • It solely increases endorphins affecting estrogen
  • It enhances testosterone levels significantly
  • It elevates certain adrenal hormones that decrease testosterone release (correct)

    • What is true about the INAH-3 nucleus in different populations?

  • It is smaller in heterosexual men compared to homosexual men
  • It solely determines sexual orientation without influence from other factors
  • It is larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual men (correct)
  • It is the same size in all individuals regardless of orientation

    • Which of the following statements accurately describes transgender individuals?

    <p>They identify with a gender different from their biological anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can prenatal influences potentially affect regarding sexual orientation?

    <p>Hormone levels during critical brain development stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the SRY gene in biological males?

    <p>It triggers the degradation of Müllerian ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome is characterized by having a single X chromosome and a feminine appearance with underdeveloped sex hormones?

    <p>Turner syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main differences in jealousy reported between men and women?

    <p>Men are more upset by emotional intimacy than sexual intimacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do androgens have on the development of males?

    <p>They promote the growth of the testes and male reproductive structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these describes the organizing effects of sex hormones?

    <p>They determine the development of male or female genitalia in early pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome?

    <p>Individuals are typically infertile and have language difficulties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone do androgens and estrogens belong to?

    <p>Steroid hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to Müllerian ducts in biological males during development?

    <p>They degenerate due to Müllerian-inhibiting hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced more by ovaries compared to testes?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pattern of hormone release does the female hypothalamus generate?

    <p>Cyclic pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do male brain connections primarily differ from female brain connections?

    <p>Stronger connections within each hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in increasing male sexual arousal?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is primarily affected by testosterone to influence sexual behavior in males?

    <p>Medial Preoptic Area (MPOA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxytocin in reproductive behavior?

    <p>Stimulates uterine contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of estradiol in the medial preoptic area?

    <p>Increases dendritic branching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does testosterone impact the hypothalamus in humans compared to rats?

    <p>Acts directly without conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the female hypothalamus to produce different hormone release patterns compared to males?

    <p>Differences in hormonal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the menstrual cycle characterized by?

    <p>Periodic hormone and fertility variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone does the anterior pituitary release after menstruation to stimulate follicle growth in females?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is observed in girls who were exposed to higher testosterone levels prenatally?

    <p>Increased preference for boys' toys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter's release is strongly associated with sexual activity in males?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism contributes to cell death in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of males?

    <p>Testosterone and estradiol interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When might sex hormones exert activating effects on behavior?

    <p>At any time of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>They cause the follicle to release an ovum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone does the remnant of the follicle release after ovulation?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of high estradiol and progesterone levels during pregnancy?

    <p>Fluctuating nausea related to serotonin activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does birth control primarily prevent ovulation?

    <p>By blocking the release of FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone level is correlated with sexual desire in humans?

    <p>Estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal change increases maternal behavior in mammals after giving birth?

    <p>Increased secretion of oxytocin and prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal change is often observed in fathers after the birth of their child?

    <p>Decreased testosterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to intersex traits in individuals with genetic limitations in cortisol production?

    <p>Congenital adrenal hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical development occurs in individuals with XY chromosomes who have androgen insensitivity?

    <p>Formation of typically female anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences human parental behavior beyond hormonal effects?

    <p>Experience-dependent learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavior observed in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

    <p>Higher rates of spatial and mechanical skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does high prolactin levels have on fathers?

    <p>Increases time spent caring for children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about sexual orientation is true?

    <p>It is often discovered later in women than in men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one proposed evolutionary explanation for genes associated with same-sex orientation?

    <p>They enhance bonding and care for kin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reproductive Behaviors

    • Evolutionary interpretations of male-female differences focus on sexual selection, where genes increasing mating success and offspring survival are more prevalent in the population. Interest in multiple mates is a potential factor.
    • Jealousy varies between the sexes. Men report greater upset if a partner becomes sexually intimate with another man, while women express more concern regarding emotional intimacy with another woman.
    • Mate preferences in females tend to favor good providers. Sex chromosomes determine sexual development (XX = female, XY = male).
    • Turner Syndrome (XO) results in typical female appearance, but lower sex hormone levels, and identifying as female.

    Organising Effects of Sex Hormones

    • Both males and females have Müllerian (female internal structures) and Wolffian (male internal structures) ducts initially.
    • The SRY gene on the Y chromosome directs the development of testes. Testes produce androgens, which promote further androgen production and development of seminal vesicles and vas deferens. Testes also produce Müllerian inhibiting hormone, causing Müllerian ducts to degenerate.
    • In females, gonads develop into ovaries, and Wolffian ducts degenerate while Müllerian ducts develop into oviducts, uterus, and upper vagina. Ovaries produce more estrogens than androgens.

    Biological Effects of Sex Hormones

    • Steroid hormones have three primary modes of action: receptor binding on cell membranes, activating intracellular proteins, and chromosome binding to activate/inhibit genes.
    • Organizing effects are long-lasting, occurring primarily during sensitive developmental periods like fetal development and puberty. These establish the foundational organization of the reproductive and neural systems.
    • Activating effects affect behavior and mental states, arising and declining with hormone presence. Examples include sex drive, moods, and changes during pregnancy.

    Sex Differences in the Brain

    • Hypothalamus, a brain region regulating hormones, exhibits sex-related differences in structure and function. Females tend to have stronger interhemispheric connections, also have slower aging brain metabolic rate versus males.

    Steroid Hormones and Sexual Function

    • Testosterone conversion to estradiol in the hypothalamus affects the production of prostaglandins, increasing microglia, dendritic spine and synapses.
    • The hypothalamus plays a role in male sexual arousal through dopamine release, stimulated by testosterone, and leading to arousal, erection, and sexually receptive postures.

    Female Reproductive Cycles

    • Hormones like estrogen/progesterone from the ovaries regulate the menstrual cycle. The pituitary hormones FSH and LH control ovarian follicle development and egg release.
    • During pregnancy, high estrogen/progesterone levels affect serotonin receptor function, potentially contributing to pregnancy-related nausea.
    • Birth control pills interfere with the natural hormonal feedback cycle, preventing ovulation and thickening the uterine cervical mucus.

    Sexual Behavior and Brain

    • Brain areas like the hypothalamus, amygdala, and others contribute to sexual behavior, and the hormone oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth.
    • Testosterone levels influence sexual activity and approach behaviors. Prenatal stress & alcohol may affect brain development & sexual orientation.
    • Brain structures such as INAH-3 are larger for heterosexual males.

    Variations in Sexual Behavior

    • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a hormonal disorder leading to androgen overproduction, affecting the development of external genitalia in females or less development for males.
    • Gender identity or expression and discrepancies of sexual appearance may result from receptor deficiencies for androgens or other genetic/hormonal factors.

    Sexual Orientation

    • Same-sex orientation may be influenced by genetic factors, as seen in monozygotic twins, or potentially by prenatal hormonal exposure during sensitive developmental periods.

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    Description

    Explore the evolutionary aspects of reproductive behaviors, focusing on mate preferences and the impact of sex hormones. This quiz examines differences in male and female jealousy, sexual development, and the implications of Turner Syndrome. Test your knowledge on these fascinating topics in human biology and psychology.

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