Reproduction in Plants and Humans

Sepals are responsible for protecting the developing bud before it blooms.

Nectar guides help attract insects and guide them to the nectar source.

<p>The carpel encloses the ovary, which contains the ovules, and plays a key role in reproduction by receiving the pollen and allowing for fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The scrotum houses the testes and provides a cooler temperature than the body, which is ideal for sperm development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prostate gland produces a fluid that mixes with sperm to create semen, which nourishes and helps sperm to swim actively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The urethra is the tube that carries both semen and urine from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sepals are green, leaf-like structures that protect the developing bud before it opens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nectar guide is a pattern of lines or markings on a petal that directs insects towards the nectar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The keel petals enclose the reproductive organs, namely the stamens and the carpel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The carpel consists of a stigma, a style, and an ovary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen is necessary for aerobic respiration, which provides energy for cell division, growth, and the synthesis of proteins and enzymes needed for germination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suitable temperature allows chemical reactions necessary for germination to occur efficiently. Enzymes work best at optimal temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first step of seed germination is the absorption of water and oxygen, which causes the seed to swell and expand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After the seed coat splits, the root emerges first, followed by the shoot. The shoot then develops into leaves and stems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endosperm is a nutrient-rich tissue that provides nourishment to the developing embryo until the plant can produce its own food through photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cotyledons are seed leaves that provide nourishment to the plant until it can photosynthesize on its own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The testes produce sperm and male sex hormones, primarily testosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testosterone is a hormone that promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as muscle mass, body hair, and deepening of the voice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The scrotum is a sac that holds the testes and keeps them at a cooler temperature than the body, which is essential for sperm development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sperm duct transports sperm from the testes to the urethra, where it mixes with fluids from the prostate gland to form semen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prostate gland produces a fluid that nourishes and helps activate sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The urethra is a tube that carries both urine and semen from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The penis delivers semen to the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sperm is the male gamete, carrying half the genetic material needed to create offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ovaries produce female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, and release mature eggs during ovulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The oviduct, or fallopian tube, carries the egg from the ovary to the uterus, and it is where fertilization usually occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endometrium is the lining of the uterus, and it is where the fertilized egg implants. It also helps prepare the uterus for pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cervix is the opening between the vagina and the uterus. It allows menstrual blood to flow and helps to prevent infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA transcription is the process of copying the genetic information from DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA uses the nucleotide bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G), while mRNA uses adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes with the same shape, genes, and sequence, one inherited from the mother and the other from the father.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alleles are alternative forms of a gene, located at the same locus on homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dominant allele is one that is expressed even when only one copy is present in the genotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A recessive allele is one that is only expressed when two copies are present in the genotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterozygous genotypes have two different alleles for a particular gene, while homozygous genotypes have two identical alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A homozygous dominant genotype has two copies of the dominant allele, while a homozygous recessive genotype has two copies of the recessive allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A = IA IA or IA IO B = IB IB or IB IO AB = IA IB O = IO IO</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The genotype of a person with type A blood can be either IA IA or IA IO.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>XY = Normal male XX = Normal female XhY = Hemophilia male Xh Xh = Hemophilia female Xh X = Carrier female</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The genotype of a normal male is XY.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The genotype of a hemophilia male is XhY.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The genotype of a carrier female is Xh X.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biotechnology is the use of living systems or organisms to develop products for the benefit of humankind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biotechnology is used to produce food, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels. It is also used to improve the health of plants and livestock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen, producing a relatively small amount of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pectinase is an enzyme that breaks down pectin, a complex sugar found in plant cell walls. This helps to soften fruits and clarify juices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose, a sugar found in milk, into simpler sugars, glucose and galactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The air sparger pumps sterile air into the fermenter to dissolve oxygen in the nutrient fluid, which is essential for aerobic respiration by the penicillin-producing microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stirring paddles help to mix the microorganisms with air bubbles and nutrient fluid, preventing them from sinking and ensuring even distribution of oxygen and nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cooling system circulates cool water around the fermenter to remove excess heat generated by aerobic respiration, maintaining optimal temperatures for the microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining a stable pH level is crucial for the activity of enzymes and the growth of microorganisms involved in penicillin production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, creating sticky ends that can be joined together to form recombinant DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complementary base pairing occurs when the sticky ends of the cut DNA fragments match up based on their complementary nucleotide base pairs (A with T and C with G), allowing for the joining of fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligase seals the sticky ends of the cut DNA fragments, joining the human DNA into the bacterial plasmid, creating recombinant DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recombinant DNA is a combination of DNA from two different organisms, often a bacterial plasmid and human DNA, created through genetic engineering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first step is to extract the human gene for insulin from the human chromosome using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA at specific sequences, creating sticky ends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The second step is to obtain a bacterial plasmid, which is a small circular piece of DNA, and cut it with the same restriction enzyme used to cut the human insulin gene, creating complementary sticky ends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic engineering allows for the production of large quantities of medically important proteins, such as insulin, at a lower cost and with less risk of contamination. It also allows for the creation of crops that are resistant to pests and herbicides, reducing environmental pollution and improving nutritional quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heating the milk to a high temperature denatures proteins, creating a smooth texture, and kills unwanted bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cooling the milk to a lower temperature, around 30°C, provides the optimal temperature for the starter cultures to grow and produce lactic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature affects the acidity and carbonation rate of yogurt. A low temperature, but not too low, is ideal to allow for sufficient lactic acid production without inhibiting the bacteria's growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variation refers to the differences in traits between individuals of the same species. These differences can be influenced by both genetic factors and environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous variation describes traits that can vary along a spectrum, such as height or weight, while discontinuous variation describes traits with distinct categories, such as blood type or flower color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mutation is a sudden change in the base sequence of DNA, which can alter the structure of a gene or the number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations can result in new alleles, leading to genetically distinct offspring with phenotypes that may be advantageous, disadvantageous, or neutral in terms of survival and reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutagens are agents in the environment that can increase the rate of mutation, including radiation and certain chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random mating refers to the pairing of individuals in a population without any specific preferences, leading to a greater diversity of combinations of alleles in the offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural selection is a process where organisms with traits that enhance their survival and reproduction in a particular environment are more likely to pass on those traits to their offspring, gradually leading to a greater frequency of those advantageous traits in the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When bacteria are repeatedly exposed to antibiotics, those with mutations that make them resistant to the antibiotic are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to a population where antibiotic resistance is increasingly prevalent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective breeding is used to produce improved breeds of plants and animals with desirable traits, such as increased yield, disease resistance, or improved quality of products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breeders analyze seeds from different soya bean plants and select those with the highest oil content. These selected seeds are then grown, and the process of selecting for high oil content is repeated over several generations, eventually leading to a strain of soya bean with consistently high oil content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Artificial selection is driven by human intervention, where humans select organisms with desired traits for breeding purposes, whereas natural selection is driven by the environmental pressures that favor organisms with traits that enhance their survival and reproduction in that specific environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Xerophytes have developed adaptations like needle-like leaves to reduce surface area and transpiration rates, thick waxy cuticles to prevent water loss, sunken stomata to minimize water vapor loss, and hair trapping water to further reduce transpiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophytes have adaptations such as the absence of cuticles and stomata, gas exchange occurring through the entire surface of the leaves, large air chambers to reduce leaf density, and upper epidermis stomata for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers