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Questions and Answers
What is a significant consequence of urinary stasis in the kidneys?
Which condition is indicated by petechial hemorrhages occurring beneath the capsule?
What characteristic gross finding is associated with kidneys affected by amyloidosis?
What is a likely consequence of complete urinary obstruction lasting over three weeks?
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Which staining method reveals 'apple green' birefringence in tissues affected by amyloidosis?
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What is the primary cause of renal medullary necrosis in the context of analgesic nephropathy?
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How are cases of glomerulonephritis (GN) primarily classified?
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In renal infarction, which change occurs approximately 24 hours after the event?
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What feature distinguishes membranous glomerulonephritis?
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Which condition is indicated by dilation of the renal pelvis and atrophy of the renal parenchyma?
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What type of nephritis is primarily characterized by inflammation of the renal parenchyma?
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What is a common cause of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis?
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Which of the following histological changes is NOT associated with proliferative glomerulonephritis?
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Which condition is characterized by an end result of many chronic renal diseases?
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What commonly results due to the loss of erythropoietin in renal failure?
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Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of uremic encephalopathy?
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What is a characteristic of the kidneys in chronic renal failure?
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Which type of azotemia is caused by urinary obstruction?
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Hypocalcemia in renal failure can lead to which of the following conditions?
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Which gastrointestinal finding is commonly associated with renal failure?
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Which of the following structural kidney anomalies commonly results in a normal kidney function?
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Which process is a consequence of increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) due to hypocalcemia in renal failure?
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What is the common urine production outcome in acute renal failure?
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Study Notes
Acute Renal Failure (ARF) vs Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
- ARF results from acute glomerular or tubulo-interstitial injury; CRF is the final outcome of multiple chronic renal diseases.
- ARF presents with oliguria or anuria, while CRF is characterized by polyuria, often leading to irreversible damage.
- Both conditions involve azotemia, but ARF lacks clinical manifestations typical of renal disease, unlike CRF, which often shows uremia.
Types of Azotemia
- Prerenal Azotemia: Caused by renal hypoperfusion (e.g., heart failure, shock, hemorrhage).
- Renal Azotemia: Occurs due to direct damage to the renal tissue.
- Postrenal Azotemia: Results from urinary obstruction.
Clinical Pathology Findings
- Common symptoms include anemia (due to erythropoietin loss), azotemia (increased BUN and creatinine), and hypoproteinemia leading to edema.
- Metabolic acidosis arises from bicarbonate loss, contributing to hypocalcemia through phosphate retention and decreased renal activity.
- Hypocalcemia promotes parathyroid hyperplasia and subsequent bone resorption, which can lead to fibrous osteodystrophy and fractures.
Clinical Findings in Renal Conditions
- Symptoms include polyuria, neurologic issues (e.g., uremic encephalopathy), gastrointestinal ulcers (due to bacteria and ammonia), vomiting, hypertension, and pulmonary edema.
Gross Findings in Renal Failure
- Kidneys appear small, firm, with irregular surfaces, and have a thinned cortex; capsule adhesion complicates removal.
- Gastrointestinal tract shows signs of "uremic gastritis" with ulcerations and mineralization.
- Foul odor and ulcers may be observed in the oral cavity; soft tissue and lung mineralization can occur.
- Parathyroid glands show hyperplasia, and bone can exhibit fibrous osteodystrophy.
Congenital Renal Anomalies
- Agenesis: Bilateral agenesis is not compatible with life.
- Renal Hypoplasia: Contralateral hypertrophy compensates for unilateral hypoplasia.
- Renal Dysplasia: Abnormal renal tissue development.
Polycystic Kidney Disease
- Characterized by enlarged, pale kidneys containing 1-5 mm cysts, producing a "Swiss cheese" appearance upon dissection.
Horseshoe Kidney
- A condition where kidneys fuse at either cranial or caudal poles, functioning normally despite anatomical changes.
Renal Infarction
- Results from local ischemic necrosis due to renal artery obstruction, often indicating cardiovascular issues in cats.
- Infarcted tissue presents swelling, congestion, and a progression to necrotic and fibrotic scarring.
Analgesic Nephropathy
- Caused by NSAIDs inhibiting cyclooxygenase, reducing PGE2 production which is necessary for vasodilation in kidney arterioles; this leads to renal crest necrosis.
Hydronephrosis
- Dilation of the renal pelvis with progressive parenchymal atrophy due to urinary obstruction (e.g., stones, prostatic issues).
- Early intervention may restore function; prolonged obstruction risks irreversible damage and increases infection chances.
Amyloidosis
- Caused by amyloid deposition, leading to functional tissue interference and adjacent cell atrophy.
- Grossly presents as enlarged, firm, pale organs with a "waxy" appearance in kidneys.
Nephritis
- Characterized by inflammation of renal parenchyma.
- Classified according to infection route (ascending or descending) and histologic features (suppurative or non-suppurative).
Glomerulonephritis (GN)
- Identified histologically as membranous (capillary thickening) or proliferative (increased cellularity).
- Most cases are immune-mediated due to antibody-antigen binding or deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli.
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Description
This quiz covers the key differences between acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF). Learn about their symptoms, causes, and effects on the body, including conditions like oliguria, anuria, azotemia, and uremia. Dive deep into renal pathology and enhance your understanding of kidney-related diseases.
