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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause associated with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
What is the primary cause associated with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
Vascular disorders make up 85% of causes related to renal diseases.
Vascular disorders make up 85% of causes related to renal diseases.
False
What term describes blood vessel damage caused by small vessel disorders?
What term describes blood vessel damage caused by small vessel disorders?
Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) can develop over a period of ______.
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) can develop over a period of ______.
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Match the renal disease category with its associated factor:
Match the renal disease category with its associated factor:
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What is the primary blood supply source for the renal cortex?
What is the primary blood supply source for the renal cortex?
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The medulla receives a rich blood supply directly from the renal artery.
The medulla receives a rich blood supply directly from the renal artery.
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What vessel connects the afferent arterioles to the glomerular capillary plexus?
What vessel connects the afferent arterioles to the glomerular capillary plexus?
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The main function of the __________ is to facilitate filtration in the kidney.
The main function of the __________ is to facilitate filtration in the kidney.
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Match the following components of renal circulation with their functions:
Match the following components of renal circulation with their functions:
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What effect does the constriction of the afferent arteriole have on the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
What effect does the constriction of the afferent arteriole have on the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
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Dehydration caused by vomiting can result in pre-renal failure.
Dehydration caused by vomiting can result in pre-renal failure.
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What cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus produce renin?
What cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus produce renin?
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____ is characterized by the loss of intravascular volume leading to decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
____ is characterized by the loss of intravascular volume leading to decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
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Match the following components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with their functions:
Match the following components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus with their functions:
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What is the primary defect in Gitelman's Syndrome?
What is the primary defect in Gitelman's Syndrome?
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Gitelman's Syndrome is associated with hypercalciuria.
Gitelman's Syndrome is associated with hypercalciuria.
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What clinical feature is commonly observed in Gitelman's Syndrome due to magnesium absorption issues?
What clinical feature is commonly observed in Gitelman's Syndrome due to magnesium absorption issues?
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Individuals with Gitelman's Syndrome experience _____ levels of potassium in the blood.
Individuals with Gitelman's Syndrome experience _____ levels of potassium in the blood.
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Match the clinical features with the correct syndrome:
Match the clinical features with the correct syndrome:
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What is the normal range for Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
What is the normal range for Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
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A GFR of less than 15 ml/min indicates End Stage Renal Disease.
A GFR of less than 15 ml/min indicates End Stage Renal Disease.
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What formula is used to calculate GFR?
What formula is used to calculate GFR?
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The net ultrafiltration pressure is the difference between _____ and _____.
The net ultrafiltration pressure is the difference between _____ and _____.
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Match the following GFR values with their condition:
Match the following GFR values with their condition:
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What is the diameter of the fenestration slits in the capillary endothelium?
What is the diameter of the fenestration slits in the capillary endothelium?
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The presence of podocalyxin on the surface of fenestration slits repels negatively charged proteins.
The presence of podocalyxin on the surface of fenestration slits repels negatively charged proteins.
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What condition is characterized by microhematuria and minimal proteinuria?
What condition is characterized by microhematuria and minimal proteinuria?
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The effective diameter of proteins larger than _____ mm is generally prevented from passing through the filtration barrier.
The effective diameter of proteins larger than _____ mm is generally prevented from passing through the filtration barrier.
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Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
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What is the primary function of podocytes in the filtration process?
What is the primary function of podocytes in the filtration process?
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Angiotensin II stimulates podocyte integrity.
Angiotensin II stimulates podocyte integrity.
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What happens when there is downregulation of nephrin?
What happens when there is downregulation of nephrin?
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The diameter of the slit diaphragm is between _____ nm.
The diameter of the slit diaphragm is between _____ nm.
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Match the following proteins to their respective functions:
Match the following proteins to their respective functions:
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Which inheritance pattern is associated with the defect Nephrin in Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome?
Which inheritance pattern is associated with the defect Nephrin in Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome?
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Diffuse mesangial sclerosis (DMS) is associated with 100% mortality at birth.
Diffuse mesangial sclerosis (DMS) is associated with 100% mortality at birth.
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What is the management option for patients with Steroid-resistant FSGS?
What is the management option for patients with Steroid-resistant FSGS?
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Finnish type nephrotic syndrome is most commonly seen in __________ babies.
Finnish type nephrotic syndrome is most commonly seen in __________ babies.
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Match the following renal diseases to their corresponding histological features:
Match the following renal diseases to their corresponding histological features:
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What is the primary defect associated with Alport syndrome?
What is the primary defect associated with Alport syndrome?
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The normal thickness of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is between 350 nm to 400 nm.
The normal thickness of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is between 350 nm to 400 nm.
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What major components contribute to the negative charge of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM)?
What major components contribute to the negative charge of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM)?
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In thin GBM disease, the thickness of the GBM is less than ______ nm.
In thin GBM disease, the thickness of the GBM is less than ______ nm.
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Match the following components with their related functions:
Match the following components with their related functions:
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Which of the following cells are NOT a component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Which of the following cells are NOT a component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
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The macula densa primarily functions through the release of adenosine to regulate the afferent arteriole.
The macula densa primarily functions through the release of adenosine to regulate the afferent arteriole.
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What is the result of impaired reabsorption of solute and water during the phases of tubular injury?
What is the result of impaired reabsorption of solute and water during the phases of tubular injury?
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The macula densa is located in the cortical portion of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and is composed of __________ cells.
The macula densa is located in the cortical portion of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and is composed of __________ cells.
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Match the phases of tubular injury with their descriptions:
Match the phases of tubular injury with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Renal Diseases
-
Tubules and Interstitium (85% of the kidney)
- Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) can occur over hours or days
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is associated with Chronic Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis/disease & Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) type 4
-
Vascular (5% of the kidney)
- Large Vessel Disorders often caused by renal artery stenosis, are linked to Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAS) activation
- Small Vessel Disorders lead to Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA), a condition involving blood vessel damage
- Ischemic Nephropathy is a result of a hypertensive crisis, potentially progressing from smaller blood vessel disorders
-
Other Factors
- Ischemia-related Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
- Drug-induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN) (hypersensitivity)
Renal Circulation
- Renal Artery → 5 segmental arteries (4 anterior + 1 posterior) → Interlobar artery → Arcuate artery → Interlobular artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerular capillary plexus (in cortex) → Efferent arteriole → Peritubular capillary plexus → Venule → Interlobular vein → IVC (Inferior vena cava)
Cortex vs. Medullary Blood Supply
- Cortex is supplied by the renal artery
- Medulla is supplied by the vasa recta
- Cortex has good blood supply
- Medulla has poor supply, particularly the pars recta/proximal straight tubule, which is most vulnerable to hypoxia
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
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Phases of tubular injury:
- Management (mx): Supportive care, Monitor fluid intake (↑ chance of edema due to renal failure)
- Pre-renal Failure: Dehydration (e.g., ↑ vomiting), Loss of intravascular volume, ↓ glomerular hydrostatic pressure, ↓ GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate), ↑ serum creatinine
- Recovery Phase:
-
Mechanism of Action (MOA):
- Angiotensin II constricts the afferent arteriole ↓GFR
- Angiotensin II prevents further salt + H₂O loss due to impaired reabsorption
- Angiotensin II ↑ Serum creatinine
-
Macula Densa and JG Cells
- Macula Densa senses ↓ Na+/Cl+/K+ and ↑ proximal tubular absorption, leading to dilatation of the afferent arteriole (mediated by prostaglandins) and ↑GFR
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JG Cells
- Composition: Granular cells
- Site: Tunica media of afferent arteriole > efferent arteriole
- Function: Produce renin
Distal Convoluted Tubules
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Physiology
- Sodium (Na+Na^+Na+), Chloride (Cl−Cl^-Cl−) and Potassium (K+K^+K+) ions are transported through a Na+−Cl−Na^+-Cl^-Na+−Cl− symport in the distal convoluted tubules
Gitelman's Syndrome
-
Adults
- Defect: Na+−Cl−Na^+-Cl^-Na+−Cl− Symport
-
Clinical Features:
- Normal renal function tests
- Mild hypokalemia, alkalosis, and polyuria due to less salt and water depletion
- Failure to thrive
- Reduced magnesium (Mg2+Mg^{2+}Mg2+) absorption leading to hypomagnesemia (100% of cases)
- No hypocalciuria (no stones)
- No hypermagnesemia
Bartter vs Gitelman
FeatureBartter SyndromeGitelman SyndromePolyuriaMoreLessPolydipsiaMoreLessDehydrationMoreLessTetanyMoreLessGrowth RetardationMoreLessSalt Water RetentionMoreLessUrine Ca2+Ca^{2+}Ca2+MoreLessNephrocalcinosisMoreLessHypomagnesemiaMoreLessIn 20% cases (Type V Bartter)MoreLow
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
- Definition: Amount of urine filtered by all nephrons in both kidneys in one minute
-
Calculation: GFR = Net ultrafiltration pressure × ultrafiltration (UF) coefficient
- Net ultrafiltration pressure = [Net Hydrostatic Pressure (H.P) - Net Oncotic pressure (O.P)]
- Normal GFR: 90 - 125 ml/min
- GFR < 15 ml/min: GS/End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)/uremic phase (Dialysis required)
- CKD is classified based on the GFR
Glomerulus - Anatomy
-
Filtration Barrier
-
Capillary Endothelium with Fenestrations
- Fenestration Slits: 50-100nm diameter, coated in podocalyxin (negative charge), prevents proteinuria (albuminuria), preventing nephrotoxicity
-
Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM)
- Constituent: Type 4 collagen (majorly)
- Type 4 collagen defect leads to Alport syndrome
- Visualization of GBM using Electron m/s (microscope) or Stains under light m/s (Gomori methenamine Silver Stain, Masson's Trichrome)
- Normal thickness: 350-400nm
- Thin GBM disease: < 200nm
- Supporting cells of the filtration barrier: Mesangial cells (constituent: microfilaments; violent contraction, rupture of capillary → macrohematuria, ↓ surface area → ↓ GFR, mesangial cell/mesangial proliferative (>3 mesangial cells in a space)/mesangial cell expansion (matrix expansion)/ glomerular disease: IgA nephropathy (m/c) prototype disease)
-
Slit Diaphragm/Filtration Slits
- Podocytes: terminally differentiated cells (cannot be regenerated), anchored to the GBM by foot processes, do not allow filtration, inside: actin 4, proteins: podocin, TRPC6
- Diameter: 30-50nm, coated with podocalyxin
- Function: Filtration
- Nephrins: Proteins in the slit diaphragm preventing protein leakage, maintain podocyte integrity
- Angiotensin: Binds to podocyte containing angiotensin II binding receptor
- Downregulation of nephrin: leads to loss of podocyte integrity (Podocytopathies)
- Podocyte detachment: leads to podocyturia
- Podocytopenia: leads to GBM attaches to parietal epithelial cells
- Synechiae formation: leads to glomerulosclerosis → CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease)
-
Capillary Endothelium with Fenestrations
Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome: DMS: Diffuse Mesangial Sclerosis
InheritanceDefectAgeOutcomeHistologyManagementARNephrin : NPHS₁Birth100% mortality= DMS-ARPodocin3-5 years100% Steroid resistance= FSGSRenal transplantADα - actinin 4/TRP 6Adolescence100% Steroid resistance= FSGSRenal transplant
- Note: Finnish type nephrotic syndrome is most commonly seen in premature babies with large placentas.
- DMS is also seen in Denys Drash Syndrome.
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
-
Components:
- Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
- Macula densa
- Mesangial/Lacis/Supporting cells/Polkissen cells
-
Macula Densa & JG Cells
- Composition: Modified tall columnar cells
- Site: Cortical portion of the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle (TAL)/distal straight tubule
- Function: Tubulo glomerular (TG) feedback (mediated by adenosine)
-
Applied Aspect of TG Feedback: Sequence of Tubular Injury
- Phase of tubular injury ( < 24 hours): Renal tubular injury (tubulotoxic drugs e.g. Gentamicin) → PC injury → ↓reabsorption of solute + H₂O
- Phase of TG feedback: Impaired reabsorption of solute + H₂O → macula densa senses Cl > K > Na⁺ load delivered to TAL → Release of adenosine → Constrict afferent arteriole
- Findings of TG feedback phase: ↓GFR, ↑s.creatinine, ↑K⁺ → Cardiac arrhythmias, ↑H⁺ → metabolic acidosis
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Description
This quiz explores the key concepts of renal diseases, focusing on Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), as well as vascular disorders affecting the kidneys. Understand the implications of ischemic nephropathy, drug-induced conditions, and renal circulation. Test your knowledge on the kidney's critical functions and dysfunctions.