AP Chapter 5 Quiz

King James I = Advocate of divine right Louis XIV = Benefited from the doctrine Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet = Argued king's power derived from God Sir Robert Filmer = Claimed Adam was the first king

Thomas Hobbes = First exposition of social contract theory John Locke = Opposed Filmer's views Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Developed modern social contract theory John Rawls = Introduced a Kantian version of social contract theory

Glorious Revolution = Influence began to wane American Revolution = Undermined credibility French Revolution = Significantly challenged doctrine Napoleonic Wars = Further diminished influence

<p>Denis Diderot = General direction and numerous articles Jean d’Alembert = Edited mathematical sections André Le Breton = Initiated expanded project Baron d’Holbach = Contributed distinct philosophical insights</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feminist critiques = Incomplete representation of gender Race-conscious philosophers = Obscured subjugation of groups John Rawls = Revitalized philosophical discussions David Gauthier = Provided additional analyses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divine right of kings = Belief in God's grant of authority Social contract theory = Implied agreement to form a society Encyclopédie = Reflected Enlightenment's secular thought Censorship = Suppression of controversial content</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolerance = Promoted open-mindedness Liberalism = Showcased new schools of thought Mechanical arts = Innovative coverage and critique Judicial institutions = Critiqued contemporary practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Volumes 1-17 = 1751-1765 Volumes of plates = 1762-1772 Additional volumes = 1776-1777 Index volumes = 1780</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Locke = Anti-absolutist views Sir Robert Filmer = State viewed as a family Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet = King's authority is sacred Thomas Hobbes = Defended absolute monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>16th century = National monarchs asserted authority 1688-89 = Waning influence of divine right 18th century = Rise of Enlightenment philosophy 20th century = Resurgence of social contract theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protestant Reformation = A religious movement that began in the 16th century in response to abuses within the Roman Catholic Church. Counter-Reformation = The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, which aimed to reform the Church. Rise of Sikhism = The emergence of Sikhism as a result of the teachings of Guru Nanak. Bhakti Movement = A devotional movement within Hinduism that emphasized direct experience of the divine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encomienda System = Colonial labor system that granted Spanish settlers the right to use Native American labor. Hacienda System = A large agricultural estate in Latin America, often run by wealthy landowners. Fiscal = The leader of a church staff in Latin America, typically a native Christian with great local prestige. Cofradias = Religious brotherhoods in Latin America that played an important role in community life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>European Enlightenment = An intellectual movement that emphasized reason, human progress, and social reform. Scientific Revolution = A period that saw a shift to a scientifically grounded understanding, driven by observation. Kaozheng = Chinese intellectual movement that emphasized the importance of evidence and verification. The Dream of the Red Chamber = A mid-18th-century Chinese novel about a wealthy family, considered one of China's classical novels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ninety-Five Theses = A document written by Martin Luther that criticized the abuses within the Catholic Church. Notes on the Divine Right of Kings = A political doctrine that asserts kings receive authority directly from God. Sikhism = A religion that emerged in the 16th century, blending elements of Hinduism and Islam. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) = A religious order focused on missionary work and education founded in the 16th century.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taki Onqoy = A religious revivalist movement among Indigenous peoples in central Peru. Protestant Reformation = Began in 16th century Europe in response to church abuses. Sikhism = Emerged in the Punjab region of northern India. Counter-Reformation = A Catholic response originating in Europe to combat Protestantism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fiscal = Leader of a church staff in Latin America. Society of Jesus = Focused on missionary work and education. Ninety-Five Theses = Proposed by Martin Luther to criticize the Catholic Church. Bhakti Movement = Advocated for a personal relationship with the divine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encomienda System = Grants labor rights in exchange for religious conversion. Hacienda System = Centralized agricultural estates owned by wealthy landowners. Protestant Reformation = Critique of the Catholic Church leading to the birth of Protestantism. Sikhism = Combines elements of Hinduism and Islam, focusing on monotheism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Martin Luther = Authored the Ninety-Five Theses. Author of The Dream of the Red Chamber = Considered one of China's 'Four Great Classical Novels'. Proponents of the European Enlightenment = Emphasized reason and social reform. Leaders of the Bhakti Movement = Promoted personal experiences of the divine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Counter-Reformation = 16th century. Protestant Reformation = 16th century. Scientific Revolution = 16th to 18th centuries. Kaozheng = 17th century.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rise of Sikhism = Resulted from the teachings of Guru Nanak. Hacienda System = Influenced socioeconomic structures in Latin America. Cofradias = Provided communal support and structure in Latin American societies. European Enlightenment = Facilitated a shift towards reason and scientific inquiry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thomas Hobbes = First comprehensive exposition of social contract theory John Locke = Counterarguments to divine right theory Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Social contract as a basis for political obligation Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet = Divine authority of the king derived from God</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First Treatise of Civil Government = Critique of Sir Robert Filmer The Encyclopédie = Showcased new intellectual thought during the Enlightenment The Leviathan = Foundation of modern political philosophy The Magna Carta = Limited the power of the king in England</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glorious Revolution = Diminished the power of monarchs in England American Revolution = Challenged the validity of inherited authority French Revolution = Promoted ideas of liberty and equality Napoleonic Wars = Undermined traditional monarchies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Denis Diderot = General direction and numerous articles Jean d’Alembert = Editor of mathematical sections Baron d’Holbach = Contributed significant philosophical content Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Notable early contributor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Rawls = Kantian revitalization of social contract David Gauthier = Additional analyses and perspectives Socrates = Early philosophical discussions on moral obligations Sir Robert Filmer = State as a family structure from a Royalist viewpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feminist Critiques = Incompleteness in representation of moral life Race-Conscious Philosophers = Reliance on subjugation of certain groups Marxist Critiques = Focus on class struggles and inequality Liberal Critiques = Limitations on individual rights in the social contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>King James I = Advocated for the divine right in England Louis XIV = Embodiment of absolute monarchy in France Charles I = Claimed royal authority as God's representative Henry VIII = Shifted church authority towards the monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divine right of kings = Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet State of nature = Thomas Hobbes Natural rights = John Locke General Will = Jean-Jacques Rousseau</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Science = Quantitative analysis and understanding of nature Arts = Cultural expressions and creativity Trades = Practical skills and craftsmanship Philosophy = Critical thinking and ethical considerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sir Robert Filmer = State as a familial structure John Locke = Political liberty and equality Thomas Hobbes = Absolute authority to prevent chaos Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet = King's authority derived from divine right</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protestant Reformation = Response to abuses in the Catholic Church Bhakti Movement = Emphasis on direct experience of the divine Rise of Sikhism = Teachings of Guru Nanak Taki Onqoy = Revivalist movement among Indigenous peoples</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encomienda System = Labor system granting rights over Native American labor Hacienda System = Large agricultural estate often run by wealthy landowners Cofradias = Religious brotherhoods in Latin America Fiscal = Leader of church staff in Latin America</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ninety-Five Theses = Criticism of Catholic Church abuses Notes on the Divine Right of Kings = Defense of monarchical absolutism Kaozheng = Emphasis on evidence and verification in knowledge Scientific Revolution = Shift to empirically based understanding of the universe</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Dream of the Red Chamber = Chinese novel about a wealthy family Scientific Revolution = Period of observation and experimentation in Europe European Enlightenment = Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and progress Fiscal = Leader of church staff in Latin America</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sikhism = Emergence in the Punjab region blending Hinduism and Islam Protestant Reformation = Challenges against Roman Catholic Church Counter-Reformation = Catholic Church's response to reform Bhakti Movement = Devotional expression within Hinduism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protestant Reformation = Led to Counter-Reformation efforts Rise of Sikhism = Influenced by Guru Nanak's teachings Scientific Revolution = Shift in understanding the natural world Ninety-Five Theses = Catalyst for Protestant reform movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kaozheng = Chinese intellectual emphasis on verification European Enlightenment = Focus on human progress and reform Bhakti Movement = Direct connection to the divine Taki Onqoy = Revivalism among Indigenous communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Society of Jesus (Jesuits) = Missionary work and education Cofradias = Community life in Latin America Encomienda System = Granting labor rights in exchange for conversion Hacienda System = Large scale agricultural production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divine Right of Kings = Authority derived directly from God Science = Method based on observation and experimentation Religious Movements = Responses to societal abuses Ninety-Five Theses = Document criticizing the Catholic Church</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protestant Reformation = A religious movement that began in the 16th century in response to abuses within the Roman Catholic Church. Rise of Sikhism = The emergence of Sikhism as a result of the teachings of Guru Nanak. Taki Onqoy = A religious revivalist movement among the Indigenous peoples of central Peru in the 16th century. Bhakti Movement = A devotional movement within Hinduism that emphasized direct experience of the divine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encomienda System = Colonial labor system in Spanish America granting Spanish settlers the right to use Native labor. Hacienda System = A large agricultural estate in Latin America, often run by wealthy landowners. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) = A religious order founded in the 16th century focused on missionary work and education. Fiscal = The leader of a church staff in Latin America, typically a native Christian with great local prestige.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Dream of the Red Chamber = A mid-18th-century Chinese novel about a wealthy family. Ninety-Five Theses = A document written by Martin Luther criticizing abuses in the Roman Catholic Church. Kaozheng = An intellectual movement focusing on the importance of evidence and verification. European Enlightenment = An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, human progress, and social reform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Counter-Reformation = The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation aimed at reform. Scientific Revolution = A shift towards a scientifically grounded understanding of the universe. Protestant Reformation = A challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church and its practices. Rise of Sikhism = Blending of Hinduism and Islam leading to a new religious identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encomienda System = Provided Native American labor in exchange for conversion to Catholicism. Hacienda System = Facilitated large-scale agricultural production by wealthy landowners. Cofradias = Played an important role in community life as religious brotherhoods in Latin America. Society of Jesus (Jesuits) = Engaged in education and missionary work as part of a religious revival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Martin Luther = Started the Protestant Reformation John Calvin = Developed Calvinism Bartolomeu de Las Casas = Criticized treatment of Native Americans Emperor Kangxi = Banned the spread of Christianity in China</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guru Nanak = Advocated for equality of men and women Abd al-Wahhab = Opposed practices he viewed as idolatry Our Lady of Guadalupe = Symbolized the merging of Catholicism and Indigenous beliefs Pope Clement XI = Challenged Jesuit accommodation strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicholas Copernicus = Proposed heliocentric model Galileo = Played a pivotal role in the Scientific Revolution Johannes Kepler = Demonstrated elliptical orbits of planets Martin Luther = Challenged church authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wang Yangming = Challenged Confucian orthodoxy John Calvin = Emphasized predestination Abd al-Wahhab = Led the Wahhabi Movement Bartolomeu de Las Casas = Advocated for Native American rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galileo = Supported heliocentrism through observation Pope Clement XI = Expelled missionaries from China Martin Luther = Wrote the Ninety-Five Theses Johannes Kepler = Furthered Copernicus’s theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Our Lady of Guadalupe = Merged European Catholicism with Indigenous culture The Virgin of Guadalupe = Represented in Juan Diego's vision Abd al-Wahhab = Pure Islamic faith advocacy Emperor Kangxi = Resisted foreign religious influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wang Yangming = Moral virtue through introspection Guru Nanak = Rejection of rigid caste systems John Calvin = The sovereignty of God Martin Luther = A direct relationship with God</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicholas Copernicus = Challenged geocentric view Johannes Kepler = Elliptical planetary orbits Galileo = Advancements in observational astronomy Pope Clement XI = Opposed scientific accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abd al-Wahhab = Leader of the Wahhabi Movement Bartolomeu de Las Casas = Critique of colonial abuses John Calvin = Proponent of predestination Emperor Kangxi = Regulator of foreign missionary activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isaac Newton = Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation Mary Wollstonecraft = Advocated for women's education and rights Voltaire = Promoted reason and tolerance in the Enlightenment Matteo Ricci = Facilitated cultural exchange between China and the West</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Locke = Ideas on natural rights and government consent Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Advocated for a government based on the will of the people Isaac Newton = Emphasized scientific reasoning in understanding the universe Voltaire = Challenged traditional religious beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mary Wollstonecraft = Enlightenment Isaac Newton = Scientific Revolution Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Enlightenment Matteo Ricci = Early modern period</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Social Contract theory Voltaire = Critique of established religion Isaac Newton = Universal gravitation Mary Wollstonecraft = The advocacy of women's rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Locke = English Mary Wollstonecraft = English Voltaire = French Matteo Ricci = Italian</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural rights = John Locke Religious tolerance = Voltaire Empirical science = Isaac Newton Women's equality = Mary Wollstonecraft</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Matteo Ricci = Introduction of Christianity in China Christopher Clavius = Mathematics and astronomy advocacy Isaac Newton = Advancement of scientific methodology Mary Wollstonecraft = Education reform in women's rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Vindication of the Rights of Woman = Mary Wollstonecraft The Social Contract = Jean-Jacques Rousseau Candide = Voltaire Principia Mathematica = Isaac Newton</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Locke = Political philosophy Voltaire = Literary critique Mary Wollstonecraft = Women's rights advocacy Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Philosophical discourse on society</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isaac Newton = Physics and Mathematics John Locke = Political Theory Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Philosophy and Sociology Matteo Ricci = Cultural Studies and Missionary Work</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isaac Newton = Laws of motion and universal gravitation Voltaire = Advocacy for reason and freedom of thought Mary Wollstonecraft = Advocate for women's education Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Ideas about the Social Contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Matteo Ricci = Cultural exchange between China and the West John Locke = Natural rights and government consent Christopher Clavius = Influence on scientific studies in Jesuit missions Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Challenge to Enlightenment rationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isaac Newton = English Voltaire = French Mary Wollstonecraft = English Matteo Ricci = Italian</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Locke = Government based on consent Mary Wollstonecraft = Equal opportunities for women Voltaire = Critique of religious dogma Isaac Newton = Foundational principles of physics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voltaire = Emphasis on reason and tolerance Mary Wollstonecraft = Women's rights movement Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Social Contract theory John Locke = Liberal political thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voltaire = Traditional religious beliefs Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Overemphasis on reason Mary Wollstonecraft = Lack of women's education John Locke = Absolute monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Matteo Ricci = 16th century missionary work Isaac Newton = Scientific Revolution Voltaire = Age of Enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft = Emergence of feminism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Locke = Two Treatises of Government Voltaire = Candide Mary Wollstonecraft = A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Jean-Jacques Rousseau = The Social Contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isaac Newton = Scientific laws govern the universe John Locke = Rights to life, liberty, and property Mary Wollstonecraft = Equality through education Jean-Jacques Rousseau = Natural state of man</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Martin Luther = Challenged the authority of the Pope John Calvin = Developed Calvinism Bartolomeu de Las Casas = Criticized treatment of Native Americans Guru Nanak = Founded Sikhism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abd al-Wahhab = Wahhabi Movement Wang Yangming = Ming dynasty Confucianism Pope Clement XI = Jesuit strategy critique Emperor Kangxi = Banned Christian spread in China</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicholas Copernicus = Proposed heliocentric model Galileo = Key figure in Scientific Revolution Johannes Kepler = Demonstrated planetary orbits Martin Luther = Ninety-Five Theses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Our Lady of Guadalupe = Juan Diego's vision Pope Clement XI = Expulsion of Jesuit missionaries Emperor Kangxi = Banning of Christianity Abd al-Wahhab = Opposition to idolatry</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wang Yangming = Introspection for moral virtue John Calvin = Predestination and God's sovereignty Martin Luther = Direct relationship with God Galileo = Scientific method and observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galileo = Pivotal role in the Scientific Revolution Bartolomeu de Las Casas = Critique of colonial abuses Emperor Kangxi = Qing Emperor opposing Christianity Guru Nanak = Advocate for equality in Sikhism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virgin of Guadalupe = Merge of Catholicism and Indigenous beliefs Ninety-Five Theses = Challenge to Catholic authority Wahhabi Movement = Purity in Islamic faith Heliocentric model = Sun at the center of the solar system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guru Nanak = Gender equality in Sikhism John Calvin = Emphasis on predestination Abd al-Wahhab = Return to pure Islamic faith Wang Yangming = Moral insight over study</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicholas Copernicus = Astronomy John Calvin = Theology Martin Luther = Reformation Galileo = Scientist and philosopher</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ninety-Five Theses = Protestant Reformation Banning of Christianity = Qing dynasty's cultural preservation Virgin of Guadalupe's apparition = Christianization in Mexico Copernicus's heliocentrism = Shift in astronomical thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Martin Luther = Protesting the authority of the Pope Abd al-Wahhab = Advocating for a return to pure Islamic faith Nicholas Copernicus = Proposing the heliocentric model Wang Yangming = Emphasizing moral virtue through introspection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Calvin = Founder of Calvinism Guru Nanak = Proponent of equality in Sikhism Our Lady of Guadalupe = Symbol of Christianization in Mexico Pope Clement XI = Challenging Jesuit accommodation in China</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galileo = Pivotal role in the Scientific Revolution Johannes Kepler = Demonstrating elliptical orbits of planets Martin Luther = Sparked the Protestant Reformation Nicholas Copernicus = Challenging the geocentric view of the universe</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emperor Kangxi = Banning Christianity in Qing China Bartolomeu de Las Casas = Advocating for Native American rights Our Lady of Guadalupe = Representing the fusion of Catholicism and Indigenous beliefs Wang Yangming = Challenging Confucian orthodoxy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Calvin = Emphasizing predestination Galileo = Contributions to the heliocentric theory Bartolomeu de Las Casas = Critique of colonial brutality Wang Yangming = Introspection as a path to moral virtue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virgin of Guadalupe = Incorporation of Indigenous deities and rituals into Christian beliefs Vodou/Voodoo = Combines West African and European Catholic traditions in Haiti Santeria = Blends West African beliefs with Roman Catholicism in Cuba Akbar's synthesis = Mughal ruler blending Islamic, Hindu, and Zoroastrian elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vodou/Voodoo = Spirit possession, ritual dancing, candles and crucifixes Santeria = Spirit possession, divination, worship of Orishas Syncretism in Americas = Blending European Christianity with Indigenous traditions Accommodation in China = Jesuits adapting Christianity to Chinese culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wahhabism = Islamic reform movement emphasizing a pure form of faith Council of Trent = Catholic Church council reforming doctrines against Protestantism Thirty Years' War = Religious war between Catholic and Protestant forces in Europe Syncretism of Islamization = Blending Islamic practices with Hindu traditions in India</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thirty Years’ War = Major religious conflict in Europe (1618-1648) Council of Trent = Response to Protestant Reformation and Church reform Accommodation in China = Jesuit strategy focusing on commonalities with Confucianism Syncretism of Islamization = Mughal ruler blending various religious practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haiti = Vodou/Voodoo, combining West African and Catholic traditions Cuba = Santeria, merging West African beliefs with Roman Catholicism India = Islamization blending Islamic and Hindu traditions China = Jesuit accommodation adapting Christianity to local culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Akbar = Incorporated various religious elements into Mughal society Ibn Abd al-Wahhab = Led Wahhabism emphasizing pure Islamic practices Jesuits = Adapted Christianity to align with Chinese traditions Protestant Reformers = Challenged the practices addressed at the Council of Trent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emphasis on scientific knowledge = Jesuits’ adaptation strategy in China Spirit possession and rituals = Key features of Vodou/Voodoo Reestablished Catholic doctrine = Outcome of the Council of Trent Devastated society, changed political landscape = Impact of the Thirty Years’ War</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ritual dancing and candles = Vodou/Vodoo key features Divination and worship of Orishas = Characteristics of Santeria Downplayed conflicting teachings = Jesuit accommodation in China Incorporating yoga into Islamic culture = Syncretism of Islamization in India</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vodou/Voodoo = Haiti Santeria = Cuba Islamization Syncretism = Mughal India Accommodation of Jesuits = China</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thirty Years' War = Altered the Catholic-Protestant balance in Europe Council of Trent = Strengthened papal authority and reform in Catholic Church Wahhabism = Rejection of idolatry and saint veneration practices Syncretism of Islamization by Akbar = Cultural integration of diverse religious beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catherine de Médicis = French ruler advocating for Huguenot tolerance Guise Family = Opponents of Huguenots leading violent actions Gaspard II de Coligny = Prominent Huguenot leader assassinated Henry of Navarre = Huguenot leader who became heir to the throne</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vassy Massacre = Guise partisans kill Huguenot congregation Massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s Day = Escalation of violence against Huguenots Peace agreement of 1576 = Gives Huguenots limited worship freedoms War of the Three Henrys = Conflict involving Henrys of Navarre, III, and Guise</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Huguenots = French Protestants involved in the conflicts Roman Catholics = Traditionalists opposing Protestant reforms Calvinism = A form of Protestantism that gained influence Civil War = Armed conflict between groups within the same country</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1562 = Initial tensions arise leading to the Vassy Massacre 1572 = Assassination of Gaspard II de Coligny occurs 1584 = Henry of Navarre becomes heir to the throne 1598 = The end of the Wars of Religion with a peace treaty</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catherine de Médicis = Advocated for peace negotiations Guise Family = Initiated violent responses against Huguenots Gaspard II de Coligny = Promoted Huguenot military efforts Henry of Navarre = Negotiated peace after becoming king</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growing influence of Calvinism = Increased tensions between Catholics and Protestants Initial tolerance by Catherine de Médicis = Provoked hostile responses from the Guise Family Massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s Day = Significant civil war escalation Peace of Breda = Temporary relief for Huguenots</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vassy Massacre = Ignited uprisings among Huguenots 1570 Compromise = Allowed certain Huguenot freedoms Henry III's reign = Struggle for power amid civil strife Intervention by Spain = Support for Roman Catholics intensified conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catherine de Médicis = Showed initial tolerance towards Huguenots Gaspard II de Coligny = Led Huguenots and faced violent opposition Henry of Navarre = Transitioned from Protestant leader to king Guise Family = Catholic aristocrats opposing Huguenots</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s Day = 1572 First War of Religion = 1562 War of the Three Henrys = 1587-1589 Edict of Nantes = 1598</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kanzo = Initiation ritual marking spiritual transformation Ounsi = Children of the Spirits Manbo = Female priestess in Vodou Oungan = Male priest in Vodou</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognition of sovereignty = Establishment of modern state system Cuius regio, eius religio = Promotion of religious tolerance End of Thirty Years' War = Reduction of religious conflicts in Europe New political order in Europe = Shift towards diplomatic resolutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ifá Oracle = Divination method using palm nuts Olorishas = Initiated devotees embodying orishas Crowning Ceremony = Initiation marking the devotee's relationship with an orisha Sacrificial Practices = Offerings made to orishas during consultations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ogou = St. James’s Day (July 25) Ezili Danto = Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (July 16) Danbala = St. Patrick’s Day (March 17) Ancestors' Spirits = All Saints’ Day (November 1) and All Souls’ Day (November 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bizango = Secret societies performing religio-juridical functions Sosyete = Congregations formed by local hierarchies Yoruba = Cultural roots linked to Santería Huguenots = French Protestants involved in religious conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polytheism (Shirk) = Opposition to venerating saints Original Teachings = Adherence to Qur'an and Sunnah Ibn Taymiyyah's teachings = Foundation for strict interpretations Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal's school = Conservative approach to Islamic law</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rada = Calm and benevolent spirits Petwo = Fiery and aggressive spirits Ibo = Associated with African heritage Nago = Influenced by Yoruba traditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divination = Method to communicate with orishas Sacrificial Offerings = Manifestations of devotion to orishas Drum Dances = Gatherings for embodying orisha consciousness Mediumship = Trance state serving as orisha connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thirty Years' War = Religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants Wars of Religion = Struggle for power between Huguenots and Catholics Edict of Nantes = Granting of rights to Huguenots in France Wahhābī opposition = Rejection of popular Islamic practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salafīs = Followers of the pious forebears Muwaḥḥidūn = Unitarians emphasizing God's oneness Bidʿah = Innovations condemned by Wahhābī doctrine Tawḥīd = Absolute oneness of God</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Catherine de Médicis = Initially showed tolerance towards Huguenots Guise Family = Opposed Huguenot rights and led violent actions Gaspard II de Coligny = Prominent Huguenot leader assassinated in 1572 Henry of Navarre = Huguenot leader who became heir to the throne</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vassy Massacre = Ignited uprisings against Huguenots Massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s Day = Escalation of violence in 1572 Peace of Saint-Germain = Compromise allowing some Huguenot freedoms War of the Three Henrys = Conflict involving rival Henrys and Spanish intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initial Tensions = 1562 First peace agreement = 1576 Gaspard II de Coligny's assassination = 1572 Henry of Navarre becomes heir = 1584</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vassy Massacre = Provoked violent opposition from Huguenots Assassination of Coligny = Led to civil war resurgence Negotiations of 1568 = Attempted stabilization of conflict Formation of alliances = Strengthened factions against Huguenots</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1563 = First Compromise allowing limited Huguenot freedoms 1570 = Another compromise granting limited rights 1576 = Peace agreement granting limited worship 1584 = Tension resumes with Navarre as heir</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virgin of Guadalupe = Incorporation of Indigenous deities into Christian beliefs Santeria = Syncretic religion blending West African beliefs with Catholicism Vodou = Spirit possession and ritual dancing in Haiti Accommodation in China = Jesuits adapting Christianity to align with Confucianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vodou = Use of candles and crucifixes Santeria = Worship of Orishas Syncretism in Mughal India = Incorporation of yoga practices into Islamic society Wahhabism = Rejection of idol worship and emphasis on Islamic purity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Council of Trent = Reestablished Catholic doctrine and practices Thirty Years' War = Devastation of European society and weakened Holy Roman Empire Mughal synthesis by Akbar = Incorporation of Christian art into Islamic society Jesuit accommodation in China = Focus on commonalities between Christianity and Confucianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Santeria = Blending of West African and Roman Catholic traditions Vodou = Rituals involving spirit possession Islamization in Mughal India = Blending of Islamic and Hindu traditions Wahhabism = Emergence as a reform movement in 18th century Arabia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vodou = Focus on ancestral spirits and rituals Santeria = Divination practices within a Catholic context Wahhabism = Strict adherence to a puritanical form of Islam Accommodation in China = Emphasis on scientific knowledge and common teachings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Akbar = Mughal Emperor known for religious synthesis Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab = Leader of Islamic reform against idol worship Virgin of Guadalupe = Symbol of Indigenous incorporation into Christianity Jesuits = Missionaries adapting faith to local cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vodou = Haiti Santeria = Cuba Wahhabism = Saudi Arabia Christian accommodation = China</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kanzo = A ritual of initiation marking spiritual transformation Ounsi = Children of the spirits Ountògi = Ritual drummers Sosyete = Congregations in Vodou</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ifá Oracle = Method of divination using consecrated palm nuts Crowning Ceremony = Initiation rite symbolizing the patron orisha Olorishas = Initiated devotees embodying orisha consciousness Bembés = Gatherings for drum dances and celebrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peace of Westphalia = Established sovereignty of states and religious tolerance Wars of Religion = Series of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants Edict of Nantes = Decree granting religious freedom to Huguenots Salafī Movement = Emphasis on original teachings of Islam</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rada = Associated with peaceful and benevolent spirits Petwo = Characterized by intense and aggressive spirits Ibo = Reflects the practices of the Ibo people Kongo = Incorporates elements from Kongo traditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muwaḥḥidūn = Unitarians emphasizing God's oneness Shirk = Polytheism, which Wahhābīs reject Salafī = Preferred term for followers of the movement Bidʿah = Innovations in doctrine condemned by Wahhābīs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>St.James's Day = Ogou Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel = Ezili Danto St.Patrick's Day = Danbala All Saints' Day = Ancestors' Spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Babalawo = A priest interpreting the Ifá oracle Olorisha = A medium embodying orisha consciousness Devotee = Individual undergoing initiation and rituals Santería practitioner = Individual practicing the religion of the orishas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Literary Interpretation = Stress on literal readings of texts Return to Original Teachings = Adhering strictly to Qurʾān and Sunnah Opposition to Tomb Visiting = Condemnation of practices viewed as shirk Theological Influence = Based on the teachings of Ibn Taymiyyah</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decentralization = Lack of a single leader Familial Tradition = Passed down through generations Ritual Focus = Integration of Catholic elements in practices Secret Societies = Performing religio-juridical functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theism = Belief in a God or gods who are personal and involved in the world Deism = Belief in a God who created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs Pantheism = The belief that God is identical with the universe Agnosticism = Belief that the existence of God is unknown or unknowable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lutherans = Emphasized reading the Bible and only two sacraments: baptism and communion Calvinists = Believed in predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God Anabaptists = Rejected infant baptism and emphasized separation of church and state Methodists = Stressed the importance of a personal relationship with God</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Religious Authority = Both Bible and Tradition as authoritative Role of the Pope = Pope seen as having final authority Status of Mary = Mary seen as the Mother of God, a figure of prayer Role of Saints = Saints seen as intercessors who can help people</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural Exchange = Empires brought about major cultural exchange New Ideas = Empires were powerful forces that spread new ideas and beliefs Political Units = Empires are large political units ruling over diverse peoples Decentralization = Empires often led to increased local governance and autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salvation = Salvation by faith alone Ordination of Clergy = Seen as a calling rather than a special status Role of Clergy = Clergy as teachers and leaders of communities Scripture = The Bible seen as the ultimate authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Censored Books = Books banned or restricted by authorities for political or religious reasons Religious Dissent = Dissidents who challenge established religious norms Censorship Laws = Regulations governing what can be published or distributed Public Outcry = Communities protesting against censorship and advocating for free expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Religious Dissidents = People who dissent from dominant religious beliefs Political Dissidents = Individuals opposing governmental policies or actions Cultural Dissidents = Groups challenging societal norms and values Artistic Dissidents = Artists who reject mainstream artistic conventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Huacas = Sacred places or objects in Andean indigenous cultures Rituals = Ceremonies that reflect cultural beliefs and values Mythology = Stories that convey moral and spiritual lessons in cultures Totems = Symbols representing lineage or clan identity in various cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Role of Saints = Seen as intercessors who can help people Prayer = Can be directed to saints and Mary in addition to God Salvation = Achieved through faith and good works Role of Clergy = Mediators between God and individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theism = God or gods are personal and involved in the world Deism = Belief in a creator God who does not intervene Pantheism = All existence is divine and part of God Atheism = Rejection of belief in any gods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theism = Belief in a personal God who is involved in the world Deism = Belief in a non-intervening creator God Pantheism = Belief that God is identical with the universe Atheism = Rejection of any belief in God or gods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lutherans = Follow the teachings of Martin Luther and emphasize Bible reading Calvinists = Belief in predestination and God's absolute sovereignty Anabaptists = Reject infant baptism and emphasize adult baptism Unitarians = Reject the Trinity and believe in the oneness of God</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clergy = Seen as teachers and leaders of communities Pope = Seen as having final authority in Catholic teachings Saints = Seen as examples of faith in Reformation Mary = Regarded as a divine intercessor in Catholicism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Censored Books = Restricted writings, often for political or religious reasons Huacas = Sacred places or objects in Andean indigenous cultures Dissidents = People who dissent from dominant cultural beliefs Empires = Large political units that encompass diverse peoples and lands</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reformation = Salvation by faith alone Catholic Teachings = Salvation by faith and good works Lutherans = Emphasized the Bible with two sacraments Calvinists = Belief in predestination as part of salvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reformation = Pope seen as not having final authority Catholic Teachings = Pope seen as having final authority Modern Protestant Views = Pope seen as a symbolic figure Fundamentalist Views = Pope seen as a mediator for divine communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reformation = Prayer seen as personal connection with God Catholic Teachings = Prayer directed to saints and Mary Lutherans = Focus on individual scripture interpretation Calvinists = Stress on divine sovereignty in prayer life</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Martin Luther = Emphasized salvation by faith alone John Calvin = Promoted the doctrine of predestination Zwingli = Advocated for a symbolic view of Communion Anabaptists = Stressed adult baptism and church-state separation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Role of Saints = Seen as intercessors in Catholic teachings Status of Mary = Considered the Mother of God in Catholicism Ordination of Clergy in Reformation = Seen as a calling rather than special status Ordination of Clergy in Catholicism = Seen as a special status with religious significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predestination = Belief that God has predetermined who will be saved Sacraments = Rituals recognized as a means of grace Divine Intervention = God's active participation in the world Religious Authority = The source from which faith and morals are derived</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theism = Belief in a God who created the universe but does not intervene Deism = Belief in a God who is personal and involved in the world Pantheism = The belief that God is identical with the universe Agnosticism = The view that the existence of God is unknown or unknowable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lutherans = Believed in predestination Calvinists = Accepted only two sacraments: baptism and communion Anabaptists = Emphasized adult baptism over infant baptism Dissidents = Sought to maintain the established order in religious practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reformation = Clergy as mediators between God and individuals Catholic Teachings = Clergy as teachers and leaders of communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reformation = Mary plays no significant role in faith Catholic Teachings = Mary as an intercessor for believers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reformation = Monastic prayers with strict rituals Catholic Teachings = Prayer for intercession</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reformation = Salvation by faith alone Catholic Teachings = Salvation by faith and good works Lutherans = Emphasized ritual without material significance Calvinists = Belief in moral works leading to salvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lutherans = Emphasized reading the Bible Calvinists = Focus on the absolute sovereignty of God Anabaptists = Separation of church and state Dissidents = Conserve established religious practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empires = Strictly localized government involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Huacas = Sacred places revered in Andes cultures Censored Books = Banned materials for political or religious reasons Dissidents = Individuals dissenting from dominant beliefs Sacraments = Rituals deemed unnecessary in Protestant views</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theism = Belief in a God or gods who are personal and involved in the world Deism = Belief in a God who created the universe but does not intervene Pantheism = Belief that God is identical with the universe Atheism = Belief in no deity or divine being</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lutherans = Emphasized reading the Bible and believe in two sacraments Calvinists = Believed in predestination and God's absolute sovereignty Anabaptists = Rejected infant baptism in favor of adult baptism Unitarians = Emphasized rationalism and the unity of God</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Religious Authority = Bible as ultimate authority vs. Both Bible and Tradition Role of the Pope = Pope seen as not having final authority vs. Pope as final authority Salvation = Salvation by faith alone vs. Salvation by faith and good works Role of Saints = Saints as examples of faith vs. Saints as intercessors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Empires = Brought about major cultural exchange Censored Books = Restricted literature for political or religious reasons Huacas = Revered objects in indigenous cultures Dissidents = People who hold different beliefs than the dominant culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mary in Reformation = Seen as a human being, not divine Role of Clergy in Reformation = Clergy as teachers and leaders of communities Prayer in Catholic Teachings = Can be directed to saints and Mary as well as God Salvation in Pantheism = Belief that everything is divine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Martin Luther = Emphasized Bible reading and criticized Church abuses John Calvin = Focused on predestination and sovereignty of God Henry VIII = Initiated the English Reformation for political reasons Pope Leo X = Excommunicated Luther over theological disputes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Faith Alone = Core belief of Lutheranism regarding salvation Two Sacraments = Baptism and communion in Lutheranism Predestination = Calvinist belief about salvation Adult Baptism = Anabaptist practice instead of infant baptism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deism = Belief in a non-intervening God Theism = Belief in a personal God who intervenes Pantheism = God is synonymous with the universe Atheism = Rejection of all religious beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sacred Places = Huacas revered in Andean cultures Censorship = Banning or restricting of books by authorities Dissidents = Individuals dissenting from mainstream beliefs Clergy Role = Mediators between God and individuals in Catholicism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Papal Authority = Pope as final authority in Catholicism Scriptural Authority = Bible as ultimate authority in Protestantism Role of Saints = Intercessory vs. examples of faith Clergy Status = Special status vs. community-oriented teaching role</p> Signup and view all the answers