INTRO
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Questions and Answers

Quels éléments classiques ont contribué aux rapports interétatiques de l'Antiquité ?

  • Les alliances religieuses et la conquête
  • La diplomatie et l'influence culturelle
  • Le commerce et les traités militaires (correct)
  • Le droit interne et les conventions sociales

    • Quel événement a marqué la fin de l’Empire romain d’Occident ?

  • La signature du traité de non-agression entre Ramsès II et Hattusil
  • La chute de Constantinople
  • La création de la Ligue de Delos
  • La chute de l’Empire romain d’Occident en 476 (correct)

    • Quelles institutions ont été inventées par les Grecs au cours de leur période de développement international ?

  • Tribus, fiefs et cités-États
  • Proxenies, amphictyonies et symmachies (correct)
  • Concordats, alliances militaires et syndicats
  • Cénacles, législations et consuls

    • Comment la conception romaine du droit international diffère-t-elle des approches antérieures ?

    <p>Elle abandonne les traités en raison de la politique de conquête</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel changement majeur a eu lieu concernant les relations internationales au 11ème siècle ?

    <p>Le commerce maritime a connu un nouvel essor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel concept a été introduit au moment de la division entre le droit de la guerre et le droit de la paix ?

    <p>La guerre juste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel événement historique marque l'achèvement de l'unification territoriale en France sous Louis XI ?

    <p>La fin du règne de Louis XI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle est l'idée principale développée par Jean Bodin dans ses 'Six livres de la République' ?

    <p>La notion de souveraineté</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quels sont les deux aspects de la souveraineté selon Jean Bodin ?

    <p>Interne et externe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel traité a consacré la souveraineté des États après la guerre de 30 ans ?

    <p>Traités de Westphalie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel concept est clairement assimilé par Thomas Hobbes dans 'Le Léviathan'?

    <p>La souveraineté comme pouvoir absolu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel objectif est poursuivi par le principe de l'équilibre dans les relations interétatiques?

    <p>Assurer la parité des forces entre États</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle a été une des conséquences des traités européens du 17ème au 19ème siècle?

    <p>La définition d'une nouvelle carte de l'Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel événement historique illustre la volonté d'atteindre un équilibre des forces entre les grandes monarchies européennes?

    <p>Le Congrès de Vienne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelles sont les caractéristiques de la société internationale qui se sont développées au 19ème siècle?

    <p>Le développement du droit conventionnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Institutions are structures that govern entities.
    • International relations concern interactions between states.
    • International relations are an ancient, utopian concept, aiming to create an international society, a thought developed by Kant (1795).

    §1: Emergence of International Society

    • Ancient times were characterized by autonomy among communities.
    • However, relations existed, particularly in large empires, indicating a move away from isolation.
    • Classic foundations of interstate relations include: trade and treaties.
    • Trade establishes initial legal frameworks.
    • Treaties are agreements defining legal interactions between parties.

    The Greek Period

    • The Greek period was vital for international development.
    • Three key innovations were created: proxenies (consular protection), amphictyonies (religiously-motivated city alliances), and symmachies (military alliances).

    The Roman Period

    • Rome had a different approach to international relations, characterized by conquest and limited treaty usage.
    • Rome's influence on international law was limited due to their policy of conquest.
    • A context of war caused the gradual disappearance of international relations.

    New Dimensions of International Relations

    • The 11th century saw the re-emergence of international relations, with maritime trade driving more connections.
    • Distinctions arose between peace and war, with the concept of just war based on Christian principles emerging.
    • Papal arbitration represented an early form of conflict resolution.

    Appearance of Sovereign States

    • The late 15th century witnessed the unification of France. The struggle involved overcoming external (papal) and internal (feudal) constraints.
    • Jean Bodin's Six Books of the Republic (1576) discussed sovereignty as an essential element of states.
    • Sovereignty implies absolute authority within a state's borders and exclusive control over the use of force.

    Treaties of Westphalia (1648)

    • The Thirty Years' War ended with the Treaties of Westphalia.
    • These treaties established a new European order, defining sovereignty and equality among states.
    • Traditionally-recognized international relations emerged, creating a basis for modern international law.

    The Search for Balance

    • The 17th, 18th and 19th centuries saw a struggle for balance amid ongoing territorial disputes.
    • Attempts at conflict resolution, including arbitration, emerged.
    • The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) and the Berlin Conference (1885) showcased attempts to manage international relations in Europe.

    §2: Rise of International Society

    • The 19th century witnessed a quantitative increase in treaties.
    • Multilateral treaties also emerged, reflecting expanded areas of international cooperation.
    • Mechanisms for conflict resolution were sought, with the Hague Conferences (1899, 1907) being pivotal events.

    New Actors

    • New non-state actors like NGOs and multinational corporations gained importance in international affairs.
    • NGOs have independent activity, but their legal frameworks differ based on their creation location.
    • International relations also involve various private actors like non-state armed groups.

    Crises and Evolution

    • Contemporary international law faces critique.
    • This includes questioning efficiency.
    • Increased multilateralism in the 20th and 21st centuries. The international system's evolution reflects the shifts in power dynamics and actors on the world stage.

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