Regulation of Erythropoiesis and Red Blood Cell Destruction

Which organs are the main sites for the destruction of red blood cells?

Spleen, liver, and bone marrow

What is the molecule that is formed by the degradation of haem during the destruction of red blood cells?

Bilirubin

How many globin chains and haem units are present in each haemoglobin molecule?

Four globin chains and four haem units

What is the function of white blood cells?

Defence and immunity Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of white blood cells based on their structure?

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes Signup and view all the answers

How are neutrophils characterized in terms of their nucleus?

Segmented into three to five lobes Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathological condition caused by a genetic abnormality in hemocytoblast cells?

Polycythemia vera Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the absolute decrease in white blood cell numbers?

Leukopenia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the absolute increase in white blood cell numbers?

Leukocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of leukopenia?

Neutropenia, Lymphopenia Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of leukocytosis?

Neutrophilia, Eosinophilic leukocytosis, Monocytosis, Lymphocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What group of disorders is characterized by the accumulation of malignant white cells in the bone marrow and blood?

Leukemia Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of blood typing in determining a person's blood group.

Blood typing involves forward typing, where red blood cells (RBCs) with specific antigens are mixed with antibodies, and reverse typing, where serum with antibodies is mixed with known ABO blood groups. Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible blood groups of children when an individual with blood type O mates with another individual with blood type AB?

The possible blood groups of children are A, B, and AB. Signup and view all the answers

What are antigens in RBCs commonly known as?

AGGLUTINOGENS Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to conduct blood compatibility testing before blood transfusions?

Blood compatibility testing is crucial to prevent agglutination reactions that can be life-threatening. Signup and view all the answers

How many antigens are there that are likely to cause transfusion reactions?

About 30 Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of blood group factors A and B in terms of resistance to external influences?

Blood group factors A and B are highly resistant to drying, heating, and other physical and chemical influences. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the physiological basis of reverse typing in blood grouping.

Reverse typing involves mixing serum with antibodies with cells of a known ABO group to detect the presence of antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What must a person first be exposed to in order to produce antibodies for Rh antigens?

Rh antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of determining paternity through blood group characteristics?

Determining paternity through blood group characteristics can help establish biological relationships between individuals. Signup and view all the answers

How many copies of genes coding for their ABO does each person have?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What type of genes are the A and B group genes in terms of inheritance?

Co-dominant Signup and view all the answers

State the possible blood group genotype for the blood group AB.

AB Signup and view all the answers

What are platelets?

Small discs of 2-4 micrometers, no nucleus, cytoplasm packed with granules promoting blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of anemia?

Deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood – low hemoglobin – low red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the physiological causes of anemia?

Blood loss, bone marrow aplasia, deficiencies in iron, Vit B12, folic acid, intrinsic factor, and hemolysis Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of anemia on circulation?

Peripheral tissue hypoxia, peripheral vasodilation, increased cardiac output, increased pumping workload on heart Signup and view all the answers

What are the specific signs of iron deficiency anemia?

Koilonychia (spoon nails), angular stomatitis, pica (unusual diet patterns) Signup and view all the answers

What causes megaloblastic anemia?

Vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What are the specific signs of megaloblastic anemia?

Glossitis, angular stomatitis, mild jaundice Signup and view all the answers

What is hemolytic anemia?

Anemia due to excessive destruction of red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What causes hypoplastic/aplastic anemia?

Substantial reduction in the number of haemopoietic pluripotential stem cells, fault in the remaining stem cells, or an immune reaction against them Signup and view all the answers

What are the specific signs of aplastic anemia?

Anemia, leukopenia, infections Signup and view all the answers