Regulation of Electrolyte Concentrations

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What is the result of hypersecretion in the sympathetic nervous system?

Increased metabolic rate (correct)

Decreased heart rate

Bradycardia

Hypoglycemia

What is the function of melatonin?

To stimulate sexual maturation

To regulate body temperature

To regulate the timing of sexual maturation and puberty (correct)

To increase appetite

What is the function of the pancreatic islets?

To secrete digestive juices

To produce hormones (correct)

To regulate blood sugar levels

To stimulate the sympathetic nervous system

What is the function of glucagon?

To increase blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of glycogenolysis?

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of insulin?

To decrease blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pancreas?

To regulate blood sugar levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pinealocytes?

To produce melatonin Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of testosterone in the male reproductive system?

Causes the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone-producing structure releases atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which reduces blood pressure?

Heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the placenta in pregnancy?

Releases hormones that influence the course of pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of gastrin in the gastrointestinal tract?

Stimulates the release of HCl in the stomach Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of leptin in energy balance?

Stimulates the sensation of satiety and increases energy expenditure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormone-producing structures arises from the ectoderm?

Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of erythropoietin produced by the kidneys?

Regulates the production of erythrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cholecystokinin in the gastrointestinal tract?

Targets the pancreas, gallbladder, and hepatopancreatic sphincter Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible explanation for high cancer rates in certain areas?

Interference with glucocorticoids Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ovaries with age?

They undergo significant changes and become unresponsive to gonadotropins Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of declining testosterone levels with age?

No noticeable effect until very old age Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of declining GH levels with age?

Increased muscle atrophy Signup and view all the answers

Why are women more vulnerable to bone demineralization effects of PTH?

Due to lack of estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible effect of declining TH levels with age?

Decreased basal metabolic rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary regulatory mechanism of cortisol secretion?

Negative feedback of cortisol on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Cushing's syndrome?

Increased ACTH release due to tumors or clinical administration of glucocorticoid drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of excessive glucocorticoids on muscle and bone protein?

Loss in muscle and bone protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of androgens in females?

Sex drive Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of epinephrine on blood glucose levels?

Increased blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Epinephrine is the more potent stimulator of the heart and metabolic activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of deficiency of adrenal medulla hormones?

No significant problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of androgens?

Gonads Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids in maintaining electrolyte balance?

Maintaining sodium and chloride balance by reducing excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aldosterone on sodium ion reabsorption?

Enhances reabsorption from the kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Which factor directly influences the zona glomerulosa cells to regulate aldosterone release?

Potassium and sodium ion concentrations in the ECF Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aldosteronism on the body?

Hypertension and edema due to excessive sodium ion retention Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucocorticoids in response to stress?

Maintaining blood sugar levels relatively constant Signup and view all the answers