40 Questions
What is the primary role of the nervous system in short-term blood pressure regulation?
Modulating the heart rate and contractility through reflexes
Which of the following is NOT a component of the short-term nervous system regulation of blood pressure?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
How do baroreceptors respond to an increase in arterial blood pressure?
They increase their firing rate, stimulating the cardiac inhibitory center to decrease heart rate
What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in blood pressure regulation?
To regulate fluid balance and vascular tone over the long-term
What is the role of the kidney in the long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure?
The kidney releases renin to activate the RAAS system and regulate fluid balance
Which of the following is NOT a type of hypertension?
Resistant hypertension
What is the primary difference between primary (essential) and secondary hypertension?
Primary hypertension is more common and occurs without an underlying medical condition
Which of the following is a key mechanism by which the kidney regulates long-term blood pressure?
Modulating fluid balance and vascular tone through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Which of the following is not one of the long-term regulatory systems for arterial blood pressure?
Thyroid Hormone
What is the primary effect of angiotensin II on the body?
Stimulation of aldosterone secretion
How does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) help regulate long-term arterial blood pressure?
ADH increases water reabsorption, increasing blood volume
What is the primary stimulus for the release of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)?
Increased arterial blood pressure
What percentage of hypertension cases are classified as primary (essential or idiopathic) hypertension?
90%
What is the definition of hypertension?
Persistent elevation of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg
Which of the following is not a cause of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) release?
Increase in body temperature
How does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) help regulate long-term arterial blood pressure?
ANP increases water and sodium excretion in the kidneys, decreasing blood pressure
What is the first mechanism mentioned for the intermediate-term regulation of arterial blood pressure?
Renin-angiotensin vasoconstriction mechanism
Which enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
What is the effect of angiotensin II on arterial blood pressure?
Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
What is the second mechanism mentioned for the intermediate-term regulation of arterial blood pressure?
Capillary fluid shift mechanism
What is the effect of an increase in blood volume on arterial blood pressure according to the capillary fluid shift mechanism?
Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure, leading to increased filtration to tissue spaces and decreased blood volume, ultimately decreasing arterial blood pressure
What is the third mechanism mentioned for the intermediate-term regulation of arterial blood pressure?
Stress relaxation mechanism
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a long-term regulation mechanism for arterial blood pressure?
Capillary fluid shift
What is the effect of an increase in blood pressure according to the stress relaxation mechanism?
Increased stretch of the arteries, leading to relaxation of the arteries and a decrease in blood pressure
What is the main reason for the lack of increase in baroreceptor discharge in chronic hypertension?
The baroreceptors have become desensitized to the elevated arterial blood pressure
Where are the arterial chemoreceptors located?
In the carotid bodies and aortic bodies
What is the effect of a decrease in arterial blood pressure below 60 mmHg on the peripheral chemoreceptors?
The peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated, leading to an increase in sympathetic activity and catecholamine release
What is the purpose of the CNS ischemic response when arterial blood pressure drops below 60 mmHg?
To increase blood pressure and maintain cerebral blood flow
How does the abdominal compression reflex help regulate arterial blood pressure?
It increases venous return to the heart, leading to an increase in blood pressure
What is the primary difference between the short-term and intermediate-term regulation of arterial blood pressure?
The short-term mechanisms act within seconds, while the intermediate-term mechanisms act within minutes and last for days
What is the primary function of the carotid and aortic bodies in the regulation of arterial blood pressure?
To detect changes in arterial blood pressure and adjust sympathetic and parasympathetic tone accordingly
What is the main purpose of the intermediate-term regulation of arterial blood pressure?
To compensate for the fatigue and decreased effectiveness of the short-term mechanisms
In a patient with stenosis of both renal arteries, leading to severely decreased blood flow to the renal arterioles, what effect would this have on blood pressure?
Increase blood pressure
If a medication inhibits an enzymatic process that occurs in the lungs, which step of the RAAS pathway is most directly inhibited?
Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Which of the following is primarily responsible for short-term regulation of blood pressure?
Nervous system
Which of the following is the primary mechanism for long-term regulation of blood pressure?
Renal mechanisms
Which of the following is a common secondary cause of hypertension?
All of the above
What is the primary function of aldosterone in the regulation of blood pressure?
Increase sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an increased red blood cell mass, potentially leading to increased blood viscosity and hypertension?
Polycythemia vera
What percentage of all hypertension cases are classified as secondary hypertension?
10%
Explore the roles of the nervous system, RAAS system, and kidneys in regulating arterial blood pressure. Learn about short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term mechanisms for regulating blood pressure, as well as the definition and types of hypertension.
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