Regional Anatomy of the Upper Limb - MEDI12-201

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the rotator cuff?

  • Teres Minor
  • Deltoid (correct)
  • Subscapularis
  • Infraspinatus

What is the primary function of the glenohumeral joint?

  • To connect the humerus to the scapula
  • To allow for a wide range of motion (correct)
  • To provide stability to the shoulder
  • To allow for rotation of the forearm

Which of the following pathologies is characterized by a tear in the labrum, a ring of cartilage that helps to stabilize the glenohumeral joint?

  • SLAP lesion (correct)
  • Shoulder dislocation
  • Rotator cuff tear
  • Bicep tendon rupture

Which of the following muscles is responsible for the external rotation of the humerus?

<p>Both B and C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the brachialis muscle?

<p>Flexion of the elbow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The glenohumeral joint is formed by the articulation of which two bones?

<p>Humerus and scapula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the subscapularis muscle?

<p>Internal rotation of the humerus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of shoulder pain?

<p>Carpal tunnel syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a rotator cuff tear and a SLAP lesion?

<p>A rotator cuff tear affects the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles, while a SLAP lesion affects the labrum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common complication of a shoulder dislocation?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle primarily functions to protract the scapula?

<p>Serratus Anterior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prime action of the Pectoralis Major muscle?

<p>Adduction and medial rotation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachments are associated with the Pectoralis Minor muscle?

<p>Ribs 3-5 to coracoid process of scapula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle's primary actions include downward rotation of the scapula?

<p>Pectoralis Major (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary actions attributed to the Serratus Anterior muscle?

<p>Scapula protraction and upward rotation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly reflects the function of the Pectoralis Minor muscle?

<p>It protracts and stabilizes the scapula. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The intertubercular sulcus of the humerus is associated with which muscle?

<p>Pectoralis Major (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is involved in stabilizing the scapula during arm movements?

<p>Serratus Anterior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is not associated with Pectoralis Major?

<p>Scapula retraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of the Serratus Anterior muscle?

<p>Scapula upward rotation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for the downward rotation of the scapula?

<p>Rhomboid Major (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prime action of the Levator Scapulae?

<p>Elevates the scapula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles contribute to the upward rotation of the scapula?

<p>Trapezius and Serratus Anterior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary actions of the Latissimus Dorsi?

<p>Adduction and medial rotation of the arm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which movements does the Trapezius muscle play a primary role?

<p>Elevation, depression, and upward rotation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in the retraction of the scapula?

<p>Pectoralis Minor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature acts as the origin for the Trapezius muscle?

<p>Nuchal line and external occipital protuberance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is NOT associated with the muscles of the posterior axio-appendicular group?

<p>Protraction of the scapula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the Rhomboid muscles?

<p>Retraction of the scapula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are essential for stabilizing the anterior and superior part of the joint capsule?

<p>Coracohumeral and Glenohumeral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the scapula?

<p>Trapezius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary action is performed by the Rhomboid muscles?

<p>Retracts the scapula (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle group is responsible for downward rotation of the scapula?

<p>Rhomboids and Levator Scapulae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles does NOT contribute to the protraction of the scapula?

<p>Rhomboid Major (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action is NOT performed by the Latissimus Dorsi?

<p>Abduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these muscles originates from the spinous processes of T7 to L5?

<p>Latissimus Dorsi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily involved in the upward rotation of the scapula?

<p>Serratus Anterior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of the Levator Scapulae muscle?

<p>Elevates the scapula (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily responsible for the elevation of the scapula?

<p>Rhomboids and Levator Scapulae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscle primarily depresses the scapula?

<p>Lower Trapezius (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT responsible for scapular downward rotation?

<p>Serratus Anterior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscle attachments is NOT associated with the Coracoid Process of the Scapula?

<p>Serratus Anterior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to its primary actions, the Pectoralis Major muscle plays a role in which of the following movements?

<p>Humeral adduction and lateral rotation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the functional relationship between the Pectoralis Minor and the Serratus Anterior muscles?

<p>The Serratus Anterior opposes the Pectoralis Minor's role in scapular depression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The insertion point of the Pectoralis Major muscle is crucial for its function. What is the specific anatomical feature it inserts onto?

<p>Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the Serratus Anterior muscle that contributes significantly to its role in stabilizing the scapula?

<p>Keeps the scapula pressed against the thoracic wall (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Serratus Anterior muscle plays a vital role in which of the following common movements?

<p>Pushing movements like push-ups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contraction of the Pectoralis Minor muscle primarily results in which of the following effects on the scapula?

<p>Pulling the scapula downward and medially (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT a direct consequence of Pectoralis Minor muscle dysfunction?

<p>Scapular winging during arm elevation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following combinations of muscle actions is NOT characteristic of the Serratus Anterior muscle but is characteristic of another muscle?

<p>Scapular protraction and downward rotation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily responsible for stabilizing the shoulder during joint movements?

<p>Rotator cuff and deltoid muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathologies are associated with the shoulder joint that can lead to functional impairment?

<p>Rotator cuff tears and SLAP lesions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the thoraco-appendicular muscles in shoulder function?

<p>They stabilize the shoulder complex during arm movements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the brachium is correct?

<p>It includes both flexors and extensors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles contribute to scapulothoracic movements?

<p>Rhomboids and Levator Scapulae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature is essential for the stability of the glenohumeral joint?

<p>Glenoid labrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary movements facilitated by the deltoid muscle?

<p>Flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation of the shoulder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is responsible for shoulder abduction after the first 15 degrees?

<p>Deltoid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a SLAP lesion?

<p>A tear in the biceps tendon at the shoulder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle primarily acts to aid in the upward rotation of the scapula?

<p>Serratus Anterior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Glenohumeral Joint

The ball-and-socket joint connecting the humerus and scapula, allowing shoulder movement.

Rotator Cuff Muscles

A group of four muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint and allow various movements.

Scapulothoracic Movement

Movement of the scapula across the thoracic rib cage, crucial for shoulder function.

Brachium Muscles

Muscles of the upper arm responsible for flexion and extension at the elbow.

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Shoulder Dislocation

An occurrence where the humeral head exits the glenoid cavity, causing pain and immobility.

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Rotator Cuff Tear

A common injury involving one or more of the rotator cuff muscles, leading to pain and weakness.

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SLAP Lesion

A tear of the labrum in the shoulder joint, often affecting overhead athletes.

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Bicep Tendon Rupture

A tear in the biceps tendon, resulting in a noticeable bicep deformity and weakness.

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Thoraco-appendicular Muscles

Muscles connecting the thorax to the upper limb, aiding in shoulder movement and stability.

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Prime Movements of Shoulder

Key movements include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction at the shoulder joint.

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Pectoralis Major

A muscle connecting the medial clavicle and sternum to the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.

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Pectoralis Minor

A muscle that attaches from ribs 3-5 to the coracoid process of the scapula.

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Serratus Anterior

A muscle attached from ribs 1-8 to the medial border of the scapula.

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Scapula Protraction

The movement of the shoulder blades moving forward and away from the spine.

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Scapula Depression

The downward movement of the shoulder blades.

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Scapula Downward Rotation

Movement where the scapula rotates downwards and inward.

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Adduction of the Arm

Movement towards the body's midline, often involving the shoulder.

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Medial Rotation of Humerus

Rotating the upper arm inward towards the body.

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Flexion to 60 Degrees

The action of bending the arm at the shoulder to a maximum of 60 degrees.

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Stabilises Scapula

To maintain the position of the scapula during movement.

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Levator Scapulae

Muscle that elevates the scapula and rotates it downward.

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Rhomboids

Muscles that retract the scapula and assist in downward rotation.

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Trapezius

Large muscle that elevates, retracts, and rotates the scapula.

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Latissimus Dorsi

Muscle that extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm.

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Elevation of Scapula

Movement where the scapula moves upwards.

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Depression of Scapula

Movement where the scapula moves downwards.

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Retraction of Scapula

Movement of pulling the scapula towards the spine.

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Protraction of Scapula

Movement pushing the scapula away from the spine.

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Downward Rotation

Rotational movement where the scapula turns downward.

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Upward Rotation

Rotational movement where the scapula turns upward.

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Scapula Elevation

Movement where the scapula moves upwards.

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Downward Rotation of Scapula

Rotational movement where the scapula turns downward and inward.

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Upward Rotation of Scapula

Rotational movement where the scapula turns upward and outward.

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Axio-Appendicular Muscles

Muscles that stabilize and move the shoulder girdle.

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Pectoralis Major Actions

Functions include adduction, medial rotation, and flexion to 60 degrees at the shoulder.

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Pectoralis Minor Functions

Helps in stabilizing the scapula and assists with shoulder movements.

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Serratus Anterior Actions

Protracts the scapula and stabilizes it; crucial for upward rotation.

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Glenohumeral Joint Anatomy

The structure and function of the ball-and-socket joint at the shoulder.

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Supportive Structures of Shoulder

Tissues aiding the stability of the glenohumeral joint, including ligaments and tendons.

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Rotator Cuff Function

Group of muscles stabilizing the shoulder joint during movement.

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Muscles of the Brachium

Muscles located in the upper arm responsible for elbow movements.

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Common Shoulder Pathologies

Injuries such as rotator cuff tears and dislocations impacting shoulder function.

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Rotator Cuff Tear Symptoms

Includes pain, weakness, and limited range of motion in the shoulder.

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Shoulder Dislocation Causes

Can be caused by trauma or excessive force applied to the arm.

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Functional Consequences of Injuries

The impact of shoulder injuries on daily activities and mobility.

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Bicep Tendon Rupture Effects

Results in a noticeable deformity and decreased strength in arm flexion.

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Study Notes

Regional and Functional Anatomy of the Upper Limb

  • Course: MEDI12-201, 2025
  • Presenter: Dr. Nicolene Lottering (PhD)
  • Part: 1
  • Focus: Regional and functional anatomy of the upper limb.
  • Session Objectives:
    • Describe glenohumeral and elbow joints, including movement and stability factors (e.g., thoraco-appendicular, rotator cuff, and brachium muscles).
    • Describe the regional anatomy of the shoulder, focusing on glenohumeral joint structure, supportive structures (e.g., rotator cuff muscles).
    • Summarize and identify muscles stabilizing the shoulder and contributing to scapulothoracic movements.
    • Describe prime movements of compartments and individual muscles of the brachium, on the shoulder and elbow (including common attachments).
    • Understand and describe anatomical involvement and functional consequences of common pathologies (e.g., rotator cuff tears, SLAP lesions, shoulder dislocation, biceps tendon rupture).

Axio-Appendicular Muscles

  • Definition: Muscles that move or stabilize the shoulder girdle.
  • Examples (Anterior): Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, Serratus Anterior

Assumed Knowledge

  • Osteology and arthrology of the pectoral girdle and upper limb (from MEDI11-102, Week 9).
  • Understanding of skeletal muscle types, principles of contraction, and muscle groups.
  • Knowledge of the structure and classification of synovial joints.
  • Familiarity with the names of bones in the thorax and upper limb, and the intra- and extra-capsular supporting structures of the shoulder (e.g., ligaments).

Session Guidelines

  • Preparation: Review MEDI11-102 material or watch a pre-class video about the Bones of the Upper Limb.
  • Materials: Drawing templates (downloadable or printable), coloured writing tools (crayons, pens, highlighters).
  • Post-session revision: Complete a designated quiz ("Muscles of the Shoulder") and use resources from Gray's Anatomy and the Manual of Structural Kinesiology (check the 2025 Anatomy overview document for recommended resources).

Muscles of the Brachium (Arm)

  • Anterior Compartment:
    • Biceps Brachii (weak flexion of the glenohumeral (GH) joint; flexion and supination of the elbow)
    • Coracobrachialis (flexion of the GH joint, adduction of the GH)
    • Brachialis (elbow flexion).
  • Posterior Compartment:
    • Triceps Brachii (extension of the GH and elbow joint)
    • Anconeus (assists triceps in elbow extension).

Glenohumeral Movements

  • Abduction/Adduction: (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Deltoid (anterior), Pectoralis major, Latissimus dorsi)
  • Flexion: (Pectoralis major, (anterior), Deltoid, Biceps, Brachialis)
  • Extension: (Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, Deltoid (posterior), Triceps, anconeus)
  • External Rotation: (Infraspinatus, Teres minor)
  • Internal Rotation: (Subscapularis, Latissimus dorsi, Teres major).

Rotator Cuff

  • Definition: Muscles situated on the shoulder joint (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis).
  • Function: Role in shoulder stability and mobility during abduction and (external & internal) rotation. Essential for dynamic stabilization.

Scapulo-humeral Muscles

  • Location & origin: (Medial ¼ supraspinous fossa (Supraspinatus); Medial ¼ infraspinous fossa (Infraspinatus); Lateral scapular area (Teres minor); Costal surface of scapula (Subscapularis); Other muscles including Long Head & Short Head of the Biceps Brachii).
  • Functions: (Initiates abduction; Lateral rotation; Stabilise humeral head, medial rotator (subscapularis); Adduction and medial rotation of humerus, stabilizing upper humerus from forces, such as deltoid).

Clinical Correlations

  • Examples: Musculoskeletal cases involving shoulder pain, weakness, difficulties with certain movements (e.g., bench press).
  • Diagnostic methods: T2-weighted MRI (revealing tendon tear for 44-year-old case)
  • Clinical significance: Identifying the damaged structures to tailor treatment and recovery

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