Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the rotator cuff?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the rotator cuff?
- Teres Minor
- Deltoid (correct)
- Subscapularis
- Infraspinatus
What is the primary function of the glenohumeral joint?
What is the primary function of the glenohumeral joint?
- To connect the humerus to the scapula
- To allow for a wide range of motion (correct)
- To provide stability to the shoulder
- To allow for rotation of the forearm
Which of the following pathologies is characterized by a tear in the labrum, a ring of cartilage that helps to stabilize the glenohumeral joint?
Which of the following pathologies is characterized by a tear in the labrum, a ring of cartilage that helps to stabilize the glenohumeral joint?
- SLAP lesion (correct)
- Shoulder dislocation
- Rotator cuff tear
- Bicep tendon rupture
Which of the following muscles is responsible for the external rotation of the humerus?
Which of the following muscles is responsible for the external rotation of the humerus?
What is the primary function of the brachialis muscle?
What is the primary function of the brachialis muscle?
The glenohumeral joint is formed by the articulation of which two bones?
The glenohumeral joint is formed by the articulation of which two bones?
What is the primary function of the subscapularis muscle?
What is the primary function of the subscapularis muscle?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of shoulder pain?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of shoulder pain?
What is the main difference between a rotator cuff tear and a SLAP lesion?
What is the main difference between a rotator cuff tear and a SLAP lesion?
Which of the following is a common complication of a shoulder dislocation?
Which of the following is a common complication of a shoulder dislocation?
Which muscle primarily functions to protract the scapula?
Which muscle primarily functions to protract the scapula?
What is the prime action of the Pectoralis Major muscle?
What is the prime action of the Pectoralis Major muscle?
Which attachments are associated with the Pectoralis Minor muscle?
Which attachments are associated with the Pectoralis Minor muscle?
Which muscle's primary actions include downward rotation of the scapula?
Which muscle's primary actions include downward rotation of the scapula?
What are the primary actions attributed to the Serratus Anterior muscle?
What are the primary actions attributed to the Serratus Anterior muscle?
Which statement correctly reflects the function of the Pectoralis Minor muscle?
Which statement correctly reflects the function of the Pectoralis Minor muscle?
The intertubercular sulcus of the humerus is associated with which muscle?
The intertubercular sulcus of the humerus is associated with which muscle?
Which muscle is involved in stabilizing the scapula during arm movements?
Which muscle is involved in stabilizing the scapula during arm movements?
Which function is not associated with Pectoralis Major?
Which function is not associated with Pectoralis Major?
Which of the following is a function of the Serratus Anterior muscle?
Which of the following is a function of the Serratus Anterior muscle?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for the downward rotation of the scapula?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for the downward rotation of the scapula?
What is the prime action of the Levator Scapulae?
What is the prime action of the Levator Scapulae?
Which muscles contribute to the upward rotation of the scapula?
Which muscles contribute to the upward rotation of the scapula?
What is one of the primary actions of the Latissimus Dorsi?
What is one of the primary actions of the Latissimus Dorsi?
In which movements does the Trapezius muscle play a primary role?
In which movements does the Trapezius muscle play a primary role?
Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in the retraction of the scapula?
Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in the retraction of the scapula?
Which anatomical feature acts as the origin for the Trapezius muscle?
Which anatomical feature acts as the origin for the Trapezius muscle?
Which action is NOT associated with the muscles of the posterior axio-appendicular group?
Which action is NOT associated with the muscles of the posterior axio-appendicular group?
What is the primary action of the Rhomboid muscles?
What is the primary action of the Rhomboid muscles?
Which ligaments are essential for stabilizing the anterior and superior part of the joint capsule?
Which ligaments are essential for stabilizing the anterior and superior part of the joint capsule?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the scapula?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the scapula?
What primary action is performed by the Rhomboid muscles?
What primary action is performed by the Rhomboid muscles?
Which muscle group is responsible for downward rotation of the scapula?
Which muscle group is responsible for downward rotation of the scapula?
Which of the following muscles does NOT contribute to the protraction of the scapula?
Which of the following muscles does NOT contribute to the protraction of the scapula?
What action is NOT performed by the Latissimus Dorsi?
What action is NOT performed by the Latissimus Dorsi?
Which of these muscles originates from the spinous processes of T7 to L5?
Which of these muscles originates from the spinous processes of T7 to L5?
Which muscle is primarily involved in the upward rotation of the scapula?
Which muscle is primarily involved in the upward rotation of the scapula?
What is the main action of the Levator Scapulae muscle?
What is the main action of the Levator Scapulae muscle?
Which muscles are primarily responsible for the elevation of the scapula?
Which muscles are primarily responsible for the elevation of the scapula?
What muscle primarily depresses the scapula?
What muscle primarily depresses the scapula?
Which of the following muscles is NOT responsible for scapular downward rotation?
Which of the following muscles is NOT responsible for scapular downward rotation?
Which of the following muscle attachments is NOT associated with the Coracoid Process of the Scapula?
Which of the following muscle attachments is NOT associated with the Coracoid Process of the Scapula?
In addition to its primary actions, the Pectoralis Major muscle plays a role in which of the following movements?
In addition to its primary actions, the Pectoralis Major muscle plays a role in which of the following movements?
Which of the following correctly describes the functional relationship between the Pectoralis Minor and the Serratus Anterior muscles?
Which of the following correctly describes the functional relationship between the Pectoralis Minor and the Serratus Anterior muscles?
The insertion point of the Pectoralis Major muscle is crucial for its function. What is the specific anatomical feature it inserts onto?
The insertion point of the Pectoralis Major muscle is crucial for its function. What is the specific anatomical feature it inserts onto?
What is the primary action of the Serratus Anterior muscle that contributes significantly to its role in stabilizing the scapula?
What is the primary action of the Serratus Anterior muscle that contributes significantly to its role in stabilizing the scapula?
The Serratus Anterior muscle plays a vital role in which of the following common movements?
The Serratus Anterior muscle plays a vital role in which of the following common movements?
Contraction of the Pectoralis Minor muscle primarily results in which of the following effects on the scapula?
Contraction of the Pectoralis Minor muscle primarily results in which of the following effects on the scapula?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a direct consequence of Pectoralis Minor muscle dysfunction?
Which of the following conditions is NOT a direct consequence of Pectoralis Minor muscle dysfunction?
Which of the following combinations of muscle actions is NOT characteristic of the Serratus Anterior muscle but is characteristic of another muscle?
Which of the following combinations of muscle actions is NOT characteristic of the Serratus Anterior muscle but is characteristic of another muscle?
Which muscles are primarily responsible for stabilizing the shoulder during joint movements?
Which muscles are primarily responsible for stabilizing the shoulder during joint movements?
Which pathologies are associated with the shoulder joint that can lead to functional impairment?
Which pathologies are associated with the shoulder joint that can lead to functional impairment?
What is the role of the thoraco-appendicular muscles in shoulder function?
What is the role of the thoraco-appendicular muscles in shoulder function?
Which of the following statements about the brachium is correct?
Which of the following statements about the brachium is correct?
Which muscles contribute to scapulothoracic movements?
Which muscles contribute to scapulothoracic movements?
Which anatomical feature is essential for the stability of the glenohumeral joint?
Which anatomical feature is essential for the stability of the glenohumeral joint?
What are the primary movements facilitated by the deltoid muscle?
What are the primary movements facilitated by the deltoid muscle?
Which of the following muscles is responsible for shoulder abduction after the first 15 degrees?
Which of the following muscles is responsible for shoulder abduction after the first 15 degrees?
Which of the following best describes a SLAP lesion?
Which of the following best describes a SLAP lesion?
Which muscle primarily acts to aid in the upward rotation of the scapula?
Which muscle primarily acts to aid in the upward rotation of the scapula?
Flashcards
Glenohumeral Joint
Glenohumeral Joint
The ball-and-socket joint connecting the humerus and scapula, allowing shoulder movement.
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Rotator Cuff Muscles
A group of four muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint and allow various movements.
Scapulothoracic Movement
Scapulothoracic Movement
Movement of the scapula across the thoracic rib cage, crucial for shoulder function.
Brachium Muscles
Brachium Muscles
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Shoulder Dislocation
Shoulder Dislocation
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Rotator Cuff Tear
Rotator Cuff Tear
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SLAP Lesion
SLAP Lesion
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Bicep Tendon Rupture
Bicep Tendon Rupture
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Thoraco-appendicular Muscles
Thoraco-appendicular Muscles
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Prime Movements of Shoulder
Prime Movements of Shoulder
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Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Major
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Pectoralis Minor
Pectoralis Minor
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Serratus Anterior
Serratus Anterior
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Scapula Protraction
Scapula Protraction
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Scapula Depression
Scapula Depression
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Scapula Downward Rotation
Scapula Downward Rotation
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Adduction of the Arm
Adduction of the Arm
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Medial Rotation of Humerus
Medial Rotation of Humerus
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Flexion to 60 Degrees
Flexion to 60 Degrees
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Stabilises Scapula
Stabilises Scapula
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Levator Scapulae
Levator Scapulae
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Rhomboids
Rhomboids
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Trapezius
Trapezius
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Latissimus Dorsi
Latissimus Dorsi
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Elevation of Scapula
Elevation of Scapula
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Depression of Scapula
Depression of Scapula
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Retraction of Scapula
Retraction of Scapula
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Protraction of Scapula
Protraction of Scapula
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Downward Rotation
Downward Rotation
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Upward Rotation
Upward Rotation
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Scapula Elevation
Scapula Elevation
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Downward Rotation of Scapula
Downward Rotation of Scapula
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Upward Rotation of Scapula
Upward Rotation of Scapula
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Axio-Appendicular Muscles
Axio-Appendicular Muscles
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Pectoralis Major Actions
Pectoralis Major Actions
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Pectoralis Minor Functions
Pectoralis Minor Functions
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Serratus Anterior Actions
Serratus Anterior Actions
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Glenohumeral Joint Anatomy
Glenohumeral Joint Anatomy
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Supportive Structures of Shoulder
Supportive Structures of Shoulder
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Rotator Cuff Function
Rotator Cuff Function
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Muscles of the Brachium
Muscles of the Brachium
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Common Shoulder Pathologies
Common Shoulder Pathologies
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Rotator Cuff Tear Symptoms
Rotator Cuff Tear Symptoms
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Shoulder Dislocation Causes
Shoulder Dislocation Causes
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Functional Consequences of Injuries
Functional Consequences of Injuries
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Bicep Tendon Rupture Effects
Bicep Tendon Rupture Effects
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Study Notes
Regional and Functional Anatomy of the Upper Limb
- Course: MEDI12-201, 2025
- Presenter: Dr. Nicolene Lottering (PhD)
- Part: 1
- Focus: Regional and functional anatomy of the upper limb.
- Session Objectives:
- Describe glenohumeral and elbow joints, including movement and stability factors (e.g., thoraco-appendicular, rotator cuff, and brachium muscles).
- Describe the regional anatomy of the shoulder, focusing on glenohumeral joint structure, supportive structures (e.g., rotator cuff muscles).
- Summarize and identify muscles stabilizing the shoulder and contributing to scapulothoracic movements.
- Describe prime movements of compartments and individual muscles of the brachium, on the shoulder and elbow (including common attachments).
- Understand and describe anatomical involvement and functional consequences of common pathologies (e.g., rotator cuff tears, SLAP lesions, shoulder dislocation, biceps tendon rupture).
Axio-Appendicular Muscles
- Definition: Muscles that move or stabilize the shoulder girdle.
- Examples (Anterior): Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, Serratus Anterior
Assumed Knowledge
- Osteology and arthrology of the pectoral girdle and upper limb (from MEDI11-102, Week 9).
- Understanding of skeletal muscle types, principles of contraction, and muscle groups.
- Knowledge of the structure and classification of synovial joints.
- Familiarity with the names of bones in the thorax and upper limb, and the intra- and extra-capsular supporting structures of the shoulder (e.g., ligaments).
Session Guidelines
- Preparation: Review MEDI11-102 material or watch a pre-class video about the Bones of the Upper Limb.
- Materials: Drawing templates (downloadable or printable), coloured writing tools (crayons, pens, highlighters).
- Post-session revision: Complete a designated quiz ("Muscles of the Shoulder") and use resources from Gray's Anatomy and the Manual of Structural Kinesiology (check the 2025 Anatomy overview document for recommended resources).
Muscles of the Brachium (Arm)
- Anterior Compartment:
- Biceps Brachii (weak flexion of the glenohumeral (GH) joint; flexion and supination of the elbow)
- Coracobrachialis (flexion of the GH joint, adduction of the GH)
- Brachialis (elbow flexion).
- Posterior Compartment:
- Triceps Brachii (extension of the GH and elbow joint)
- Anconeus (assists triceps in elbow extension).
Glenohumeral Movements
- Abduction/Adduction: (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Deltoid (anterior), Pectoralis major, Latissimus dorsi)
- Flexion: (Pectoralis major, (anterior), Deltoid, Biceps, Brachialis)
- Extension: (Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, Deltoid (posterior), Triceps, anconeus)
- External Rotation: (Infraspinatus, Teres minor)
- Internal Rotation: (Subscapularis, Latissimus dorsi, Teres major).
Rotator Cuff
- Definition: Muscles situated on the shoulder joint (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis).
- Function: Role in shoulder stability and mobility during abduction and (external & internal) rotation. Essential for dynamic stabilization.
Scapulo-humeral Muscles
- Location & origin: (Medial ¼ supraspinous fossa (Supraspinatus); Medial ¼ infraspinous fossa (Infraspinatus); Lateral scapular area (Teres minor); Costal surface of scapula (Subscapularis); Other muscles including Long Head & Short Head of the Biceps Brachii).
- Functions: (Initiates abduction; Lateral rotation; Stabilise humeral head, medial rotator (subscapularis); Adduction and medial rotation of humerus, stabilizing upper humerus from forces, such as deltoid).
Clinical Correlations
- Examples: Musculoskeletal cases involving shoulder pain, weakness, difficulties with certain movements (e.g., bench press).
- Diagnostic methods: T2-weighted MRI (revealing tendon tear for 44-year-old case)
- Clinical significance: Identifying the damaged structures to tailor treatment and recovery
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