Referencing and Plagiarism in Health Sciences

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Questions and Answers

What constitutes the first technology according to the content?

The invention of computers

Primitive modes of communication (correct)

The development of spoken language

Writing and symbols

Which method was NOT mentioned as a way prehistoric people communicated?

Drawing figures in the sand

Spoken language (correct)

Gestures

Miming

What is a key issue in the example of plagiarism mentioned?

No references were provided to the original source. (correct)

The student used excessive paraphrasing.

The source material was outdated.

All cited sources were inaccurately represented.

In the correct version of the citation, what is used to indicate a word-for-word citation?

Quotation marks Signup and view all the answers

How did prehistoric people manage to educate their young?

With basic modes of communication like gestures and drawings. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a philosophy from a theory according to the original source material?

Philosophy is a value system while theory explains real-world events. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the content about technology?

It highlights the historical significance of prehistoric communication forms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the historical context presented in the content?

Prehistoric communication predates the development of written language. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using quotation marks in a document?

To showcase a word-for-word quotation Signup and view all the answers

Why should references be selected carefully in an argument?

To ensure relevance and support for the argument Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential downside of using too many direct quotes in writing?

It can make the writing appear clumsy and impersonal. Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as an essential part of writing a good paraphrase?

Use one's own words and sentence structure Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of note-taking contributes to effective paraphrasing?

Taking notes after reading the material Signup and view all the answers

What does synthesizing ideas indicate about the writer's understanding?

They have made connections among various sources. Signup and view all the answers

What does effective paraphrasing show about the writer's skills?

They can integrate ideas in a sophisticated manner. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of in-text citations in academic writing?

To directly attribute ideas or quotations to their sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended minimum number of sources to use for research?

At least three sources Signup and view all the answers

What should be done immediately after taking notes from a source?

Write down full details of the source Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main 'wh' questions to address when taking notes?

When Signup and view all the answers

Which citation style is referred to as using a numerical reference system?

Vancouver style Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using Turnitin software?

To detect potential plagiarism Signup and view all the answers

When integrating direct quotes into notes, what must be maintained?

Exact wording of the quote Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not mentioned as a method for taking notes?

Writing on a whiteboard Signup and view all the answers

What type of information should be included in notes for proper referencing?

Necessary citation details Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key learning outcomes related to plagiarism in this course?

Complete the online RCSI plagiarism tutorial Signup and view all the answers

Which citing style is emphasized for referencing in this course?

Vancouver style Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a strategy to avoid plagiarism?

Data fabrication Signup and view all the answers

What does the RCSI definition of medical professionalism emphasize?

The importance of individual responsibility and accountability Signup and view all the answers

What are students expected to demonstrate in their professional behavior according to the activity learning outcomes?

Compassion and respect Signup and view all the answers

What type of project will be part of the assessment in Semester 1?

Interprofessional Project Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental value is emphasized in the relationship between a patient and a doctor?

Mutual respect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a commitment aspiring to excellence in the medical profession?

Professional Identity Formation Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Raj Persaud's General Medical Council investigation in 2008?

He was suspended from practicing medicine for three months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best highlights the importance of proper attribution in academic writing?

The consequences of plagiarism extend beyond academia. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a direct quotation from a paraphrase in academic writing?

Direct quotations use the exact wording from the source. Signup and view all the answers

How did Raj Persaud's plagiarism impact his professional life?

He faced damage to his professional reputation and resigned from academic positions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly exemplifies plagiarism based on the provided definitions?

Rephrasing an author's ideas without citation. Signup and view all the answers

In the examples given, which option represents correct usage of direct quotation?

According to Heuer, 'perception is a process of making inferences.' Signup and view all the answers

What lesson can be learned from Raj Persaud's plagiarism case?

Everyone must adhere to academic integrity, regardless of status. Signup and view all the answers

What method can effectively help avoid plagiarism when writing?

Combining well-cited paraphrases with original commentary. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of learning theories?

Understanding psychological dynamics related to learning. Signup and view all the answers

How do models of teaching relate to subject area and student age?

They may vary based on specific contexts such as age, grade level, and subject area. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the difference between theories and philosophies?

Theories explain real-world events and can be scientifically investigated, whereas philosophies are more abstract. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a student uses passages from original work without citation?

It is classified as word-for-word plagiarism. Signup and view all the answers

What role do learning theories play in education?

They provide insights into the implications of learning events. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes an effective method of referring to other authors' work in academic writing?

Noting the author's name and including quotation marks around their work. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of theories in the context of education?

They seek to explain and provide frameworks for understanding educational dynamics. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a reason why models of teaching might vary?

Personal biases of the teacher. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism in Academic Writing

The lecture is for Foundation Year Medicine and Physiotherapy 2023/2024 students taking the Professionalism in the Health Sciences course (PROF.08)
The lecture was given on October 12, 2023
Lecturers for the lecture were Kiara Verhagen (Bahrain) and Helen Kelly (Dublin)

Module Learning Outcomes

Students will understand the RCSI plagiarism policy.
Students will complete an online RCSI plagiarism tutorial.
Students will be able to use various techniques for avoiding plagiarism in collaborative writing situations, including note-taking, summarising, paraphrasing, direct quotation, in-text citation, and referencing per the Vancouver style

Activity Learning Outcomes

Students will demonstrate appropriate professional behaviors and relationships, including integrity, honesty, commitment, compassion, respect, individual responsibility, altruism, cultural sensitivity, and maintaining confidentiality in all aspects of their practice.
Students will fulfill and adhere to the professional and ethical codes, standards of practice, and laws governing their practice.

RCSI Definition of Medical Professionalism

Medicine is a profession where doctors use their knowledge, skills, and judgment for the benefit of human health.
This is a partnership between patient and doctor, built on mutual respect, individual responsibility, and accountability
Medical professionals have a duty to work to strengthen the healthcare system.

Theme of lecture

The lecture's theme focused on patient-centered service, which is a key element of medical professionalism.
Various aspects of professionalism were discussed, such as compassion, effective communication, integrity and honesty, cultural sensitivity, evidence-based practice, reflective practice, altruism, and ethical practice.

How This Lecture Relates to Assessment

Semester 1 Project 1 (interprofessional project)
Semester 2 Project 2 (professionalism in practice)
Assessments will include peer-assessment, evaluating engagement and teamwork.

Objectives

Key skill in academic studies is constructing arguments, including reproducing arguments of others in your own words.
Poor expression of others' arguments can lead to plagiarism accusations.
Plagiarism is taken very seriously by RCSI, and they have a specific policy document.
The lecture covered core areas related to plagiarism.

What is Plagiarism in Your Opinion?

The definition of plagiarism will be discussed and analyzed.

RCSI Definition of Plagiarism 2013

Plagiarism is the unacknowledged inclusion of another's published or unpublished work in a student's own work.
This encompasses material types including internet sources, slides, posters, presentations, lab reports, conversations, and conference meetings.

Types of Plagiarism

Word-for-word plagiarism (without acknowledgement)
Paraphrasing (without acknowledgement)
Copying and pasting
Inaccurate citation
Collusion
Plagiarism of ideas
Common information
Unintentional plagiarism
Plagiarism of content/media

Understanding What is Plagiarism

Using work of others without proper acknowledgment.
Using quotes, ideas or sentences similar to original source without quotation or referencing the source.
Paraphrasing without crediting the source.

The Celebrity Psychiatrist's Downfall

Dr. Raj Persaud, a prominent UK psychiatrist and media personality, was found to have plagiarized content from other academic works, in his book and journal articles.
He copied verbatim passages without proper attribution.
This led to an investigation by the General Medical Council (GMC), which resulted in a formal finding of dishonesty and a suspension from practicing medicine.
It resulted in significant negative consequences for his reputation and career.

Plagiarism Discovery and Consequences

Plagiarism was found in some of Persaud's academic publications by fellow academics in 2005.
Formal investigation by the GMC followed in 2008 and concluded in a finding of dishonest behavior.
The outcome was a three-month suspension from practicing medicine.
Persaud faced damage to his professional reputation and resigned from academic positions.
He also issued a formal public apology for his misconduct.

Lessons Learned

Proper attribution is essential in all forms of academic writing.
The consequences for plagiarism can extend beyond academia, impacting professionals' reputations.
Even people with high-profile status are not exempt from academic integrity requirements.

The Ripple Effect: Research Misconduct

Dr. Dipak Das, a former University of Connecticut professor, was found to have fabricated and falsified data in his resveratrol research.
145 instances of data fabrication were found.
11 scientific papers were retracted, and $890,000 in federal grants were returned.
This damaged the credibility of resveratrol research and increased scrutiny in nutrition research.

Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism in Written Work at Tertiary Education: Part 2

Important aspects of avoiding plagiarism will be covered in the next part of the lecture.

Are These Students Guilty of Plagiarism?

Questions addressing the ethical aspects of perception and how it relates to plagiarism were presented and discussed.
In this context, the essence of accurate representation of information and avoiding plagiarism by using original, paraphrased, and cited material is discussed.
Correct way to quote and reference.

How Can We Do it Correctly?

Students will learn how to properly quote direct quotations, paraphrase accurately, and correctly reference sources.

Knowing Where to Draw the Line: Plagiarism Examples

Six examples of plagiarism are presented to highlight different forms of plagiarism
Some subtle forms are highlighted (e.g. substituting a few words).
The correct citation and referencing are emphasized.

Examples of Plagiarism (1)

Examples of plagiarized and non-plagiarized text are analyzed and compared.

Plagiarized Version (1)

This example shows a clear instance of plagiarism (word-for-word copying) without proper referencing and citation.

Correct Version (1)

A correct example demonstrates proper quotation marking, proper citation information and referencing.

Another Example (2)

A second example of plagiarism and how to correctly avoid it was discussed
The emphasis is on correct citation including page numbers.

Plagiarized Version (2)

Incorrect techniques are highlighted in this second example.

Correct Version (2)

This shows an improved, correctly cited paraphrase of the ideas.

Referencing

Emphasizes the importance of referencing sources to support arguments and avoid plagiarism.
Importance of being selective with references and of only using relevant sources.
The value of providing evidence in both support of, and against arguments.
Various formats of incorporating references into your work such as citations in the text

Student Q & A: Why Paraphrase and Not Quotations?

Paraphrasing and referencing is more sophisticated and shows better understanding of the text than direct quotations.
It demonstrates a wider understanding of the field.

Tips: How to Write A Good Paraphrase

Use your own words.
Don't just paraphrase sentence by sentence, read the whole passage, then paraphrase.
Don't change the meaning of the original text.

Good Note-Taking is Key to Good Paraphrasing

Take notes after reading, avoiding using similar phrases.
Use multiple sources for research.
Use academic language in notes while making sure to identify important questions in the texts

Examples of Vancouver Style Referencing

Shows how to use the Vancouver style referencing system for in-text citations and bibliography.

Example of Vancouver

Example demonstrating proper application of Vancouver referencing style in different scenarios.

Plagiarism Detection

RCSI uses Turnitin software to detect plagiarism.
Turnitin matches submitted work with text from the internet and other student submissions.
Turnitin is an educational tool, intended for helping students avoid academic dishonesty.

Plagiarism Detection Continued

Staff use Turnitin to detect plagiarism.
Lecturers & workshops help avoid plagiarism.
Seek help if in doubt.
Learning how to write effectively is easier than hiding plagiarism.

Cheating Behaviors & Avoiding Cheating

A list of potential dishonest behaviors in group work.
Classification of dishonest behaviors according to different categories.

Quick Tips

When in doubt, just put in a citation.
Paraphrase is more than changing a few words.
Use your own words in a paraphrased format
Always cite while you write.

Interviews & Appendices

Permission must be secured for recordings or notes of interviews and transcripts or notes of interviews are considered an appendix.
Ethics approval isn't needed for interviews in undergraduate projects that are not intended for public publication.
Interviews that are the source of information/content should be referenced in the bibliography and relevant text.
The Vancouver referencing style should be used for references of interviews.

References

List of resources (books).

Additional information on the use of different referencing styles including Vancouver

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of referencing and strategies for avoiding plagiarism in academic writing, tailored for Foundation Year Medicine and Physiotherapy students. It includes RCSI's plagiarism policy and techniques such as note-taking and in-text citation, emphasizing ethical writing practices in health sciences.