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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a cause of hyporegenerative anemias with low reticulocytes?
Which of the following is a cause of hyporegenerative anemias with low reticulocytes?
- Physiology of red blood cells
- Increased erythropoietin production
- Aplastic anemia (correct)
- Blood loss
Which disease is classified as a hyporegenerative anemia with low reticulocytes?
Which disease is classified as a hyporegenerative anemia with low reticulocytes?
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- Sickle cell anemia
- Aplastic anemia (correct)
- Thalassemia
What can cause decreased erythropoietin production in the context of anemia?
What can cause decreased erythropoietin production in the context of anemia?
- Blood loss
- Malaria
- Microangiopathy
- Advanced chronic kidney failure (correct)
Which condition is characterized by high reticulocytes and increased destruction of red blood cells?
Which condition is characterized by high reticulocytes and increased destruction of red blood cells?
What is a common cause of regenerative anemias with high reticulocytes?
What is a common cause of regenerative anemias with high reticulocytes?
Which condition can lead to increased destruction of red blood cells and regenerative anemia?
Which condition can lead to increased destruction of red blood cells and regenerative anemia?
What is the process of formation, development, and maturation of the blood's formed elements called?
What is the process of formation, development, and maturation of the blood's formed elements called?
Which type of cells are responsible for forming all the cells and cell derivatives that circulate in the blood?
Which type of cells are responsible for forming all the cells and cell derivatives that circulate in the blood?
What is the main function of stem cells?
What is the main function of stem cells?
What is the specific function of stem cells?
What is the specific function of stem cells?
Which system is responsible for classifying blood into different groups based on the presence or absence of certain antigens?
Which system is responsible for classifying blood into different groups based on the presence or absence of certain antigens?
What percentage of body weight does blood represent?
What percentage of body weight does blood represent?
What is the composition of plasma mainly made up of?
What is the composition of plasma mainly made up of?
What process does EPO (erythropoietin) regulate?
What process does EPO (erythropoietin) regulate?
What is the main function of red blood cells?
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Where are stem cells found in adults responsible for forming all the cells and cell derivatives that circulate in the blood?
Where are stem cells found in adults responsible for forming all the cells and cell derivatives that circulate in the blood?
What do hematopoietic stem cells have that allows them to produce all the cells and cell derivatives that circulate in the blood?
What do hematopoietic stem cells have that allows them to produce all the cells and cell derivatives that circulate in the blood?
What stimulates hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into burst forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E)?
What stimulates hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into burst forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E)?
What is the main response of the kidney to low oxygen levels in the context of erythropoiesis?
What is the main response of the kidney to low oxygen levels in the context of erythropoiesis?
What is the function of proerythroblasts in erythropoiesis?
What is the function of proerythroblasts in erythropoiesis?
Which hormone regulates iron metabolism by binding to ferroportin and inducing its degradation?
Which hormone regulates iron metabolism by binding to ferroportin and inducing its degradation?
What is the last stage before mature red blood cells (RBC) in the process of erythropoiesis?
What is the last stage before mature red blood cells (RBC) in the process of erythropoiesis?
Where is ferritin, a water-soluble iron complex, mainly found in the body?
Where is ferritin, a water-soluble iron complex, mainly found in the body?
Which component is essential for DNA synthesis in the context of RBC production?
Which component is essential for DNA synthesis in the context of RBC production?
What is the function of CFU-E in the process of erythropoiesis?
What is the function of CFU-E in the process of erythropoiesis?
What is the main cause of decreased iron absorption in enterocytes?
What is the main cause of decreased iron absorption in enterocytes?
Which component is mainly responsible for transporting ferrous iron to erythroblasts?
Which component is mainly responsible for transporting ferrous iron to erythroblasts?
What is the main stimulus for the production of erythropoietin (EPO)?
What is the main stimulus for the production of erythropoietin (EPO)?
Which hormone regulates iron metabolism by reducing iron absorption in enterocytes?
Which hormone regulates iron metabolism by reducing iron absorption in enterocytes?
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Study Notes
- Erythropoiesis: process of producing red blood cells (RBC) from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the bone marrow
- HSC stimulated by GM-CSF and IL-3 differentiate into burst forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E)
- BFU-E form large colonies with hundreds of red cells in culture medium, become erythrocyte colony forming unit (CFU-E)
- CFU-E express high levels of erythropoietin (EPO) and transferrin receptors
- EPO produced in the kidney in response to low oxygen levels, binds to CFU-E receptors
- EPO promotes survival and differentiation of CFU-E into proerythroblasts
- Proerythroblasts give rise to basophilic, polychromatophilic, orthochromatic erythroblasts, and reticulocytes
- Reticulocytes lose their nucleus and divide, leave bone marrow by diapedesis, are last stage before mature RBC
- Iron metabolism: essential for RBC production
- Ferric iron absorbed in duodenum, reduced to ferrous iron for absorption by DMT1
- Ferrous iron transported to erythroblasts by transferrin and its receptor, and is incorporated into hemoglobin
- Iron metabolism: elimination and storage
- Iron is lost through shedding of iron-containing cells, or menstruation for women
- Ferritin: water-soluble iron complex in cells, hemosiderin: high iron content, difficult to mobilize, both in macrophages, liver, and bone marrow
- Hepcidin: liver-synthesized hormone that regulates iron metabolism, binds to ferroportin and induces its degradation, reducing iron absorption in enterocytes
- Vitamin B12 and folic acid required for DNA synthesis, methylate deoxyuridine to form thymidylate for DNA synthesis
- Erythrocyte destruction: normal process, erythrocytes live for 120 days, are broken down and their components are recycled
- Hemolysis: destruction of RBCs, can be extravascular (spleen) or intravascular, can lead to anemia, jaundice, hemoglobinuria depending on the severity and location.
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