Blood Physiology and Hematology Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What does a hematocrit value of 40% indicate?

  • 40% of blood volume consists of red blood cells. (correct)
  • 60% of blood volume consists of red blood cells.
  • 60% of blood volume consists of white blood cells.
  • 40% of blood volume consists of plasma.

    • Which factors are essential for the synthesis and maturation of blood cells?

  • Hormones and growth factors. (correct)
  • Only oxygen and glucose.
  • Only vitamin B12 and iron.
  • Protein intake and hydration.

    • Which of the following describes anemia?

  • An abnormal increase in white blood cells.
  • An increase in red blood cell mass.
  • A normal level of hematocrit.
  • A decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. (correct)

    • What physiological condition is indicated by polycythemia?

    <p>An increase in red blood cell mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider gender when interpreting a CBC?

    <p>Gender differences affect RBC diameter values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood is not included in the hematocrit measurement?

    <p>Plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do diameters of RBCs relate to their ability to cross capillaries?

    <p>Smaller RBC diameters allow easier passage through capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is hematocrit typically expressed?

    <p>As a fraction of total blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of RBCs is highlighted concerning their function?

    <p>RBCs are designed not to cross the capillaries and enter urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abnormal condition might result in a high hematocrit value?

    <p>Dehydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective mentioned regarding RBCs and gender?

    <p>To learn about RBC values and their relation to gender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might RBC diameters be essential in renal physiology?

    <p>They influence the filtration process in kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would likely happen if red blood cell production is impaired due to a deficiency in essential factors?

    <p>Development of anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary acclimatization response of the body when living in high altitude?

    <p>Increased RBC production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is essential for the maturation of red blood cells?

    <p>Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can arise from a lack of Vitamin B12 or folic acid?

    <p>Macrocytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to RBCs when there is abnormal and diminished DNA due to vitamin deficiency?

    <p>They become more fragile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily intake of Vitamin B12 for RBC maturation?

    <p>1-3 µg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of erythrocytes?

    <p>Biconcave discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average volume of an erythrocyte?

    <p>90-95 µm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the flexibility of erythrocytes?

    <p>Their biconcave shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical RBC count for men?

    <p>5.2 ±0.3 x 106/µL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of erythrocytes aids them in passing through capillaries?

    <p>Their biconcave shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic that differentiates RBC counts between genders?

    <p>Variation in RBC count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of an erythrocyte?

    <p>7.8 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell gives rise to the myeloid lineage?

    <p>CFU-S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an HCT value of 45% indicate?

    <p>45 mL of RBCs in 100 mL of blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can lead to a low HCT value?

    <p>Nutritional deficiencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does living in mountainous regions affect HCT values?

    <p>It can lead to mountain sickness, increasing HCT temporarily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is bone marrow significant in the context of HCT values?

    <p>It is the site for the synthesis of blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological condition can lead to high HCT levels?

    <p>Dehydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the kidneys to release erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Hypoxia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of anemia?

    <p>Severe bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of all circulating blood cells?

    <p>Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cell (PHSC).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about erythropoietin (EPO) and athletes is correct?

    <p>Athletes abuse EPO to enhance performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from prolonged hypoxia?

    <p>Increased red blood cell mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of erythroblastic cells failing to proliferate rapidly?

    <p>Production of macrocytes that are larger and fragile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a failure to absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Pernicious Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does intrinsic factor play in vitamin B12 absorption?

    <p>It facilitates vitamin B12 absorption by preventing its breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the gastric mucosa in individuals with pernicious anemia?

    <p>It undergoes atrophy and fails to produce intrinsic factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can defective vitamin B12 absorption lead to maturation failure anemia?

    <p>3-4 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the physiological causes that can lead to decreased availability of vitamin B12?

    <p>Faulty absorption from the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anemia can result from atrophic gastric mucosa and loss of parietal cells?

    <p>Pernicious Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is necessary for the maturation of red blood cells?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gas Transport 2 Lecture Notes

    • The lecture was given by Dr. TarekBENAMEUR in the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University.
    • The lecture covered the topic of gas transport II.
    • Learning Objectives included defining hematocrit, describing blood cell synthesis stages and factors, and defining anemia, polycythemia and their causes.
    • Hematocrit (HCT) is the fraction of blood composed of red blood cells (RBCs).
    • Normal hematocrit values are 40-54% for men and 37-47% for women.
    • These values can vary slightly depending on the methodology used.
    • HCT is determined through microhematocrit calibrated tubes, centrifuging the sample, then reading the percentage of packed cells from a reader.
    • The reference range differs according to the methodology used.
    • Blood is composed of 55% plasma, less dense; <1% buffy coat (leukocytes, platelets) and 45% red blood cells.
    • 100 mL of blood with 45% HCT contains 45 mL of RBCs.
    • Hematocrit values can affect the oxygen-carrying capacity and viscosity of blood.
    • Low HCT is linked to conditions like anemia, severe bleeding, nutritional deficiencies, and bone marrow problems.
    • High HCT relates to living in mountains (adaptive), lung and bone marrow disorders, Dehydration, and use of erythropoietin (athletes).
    • Blood cells in the bone marrow originate from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC).
    • Colony-forming unit-erythrocyte (CFU-E) produces red blood cells.
    • Growth inducers and differentiation inducers influence cell growth and differentiation.
    • Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, have a lifespan of roughly 120 days.
    • The average size of a red blood cell is 90-95 µm3 and is biconcave.
    • Erythropoietin (EPO), released by the kidneys; increases red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels (hypoxia).
    • The various stages of red blood cell synthesis include stem cell, committed cell, proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatic erythroblast, orthochromic erythroblast, reticulocyte, and erythrocyte.
    • Vitamin B12 and folic acid are essential for RBC maturation.
    • Failure to absorb Vitamin B12 can cause pernicious anemia.

    Anemia

    • Anemia involves a hemoglobin (Hb) level below the reference range for a person's age and gender.
    • This reduces the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.
    • Types of anemia include blood loss anemia, aplastic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, and erythroblastosis fetalis.
    • Blood loss anemia results from rapid or chronic blood loss.
    • Aplastic anemia is caused by bone marrow dysfunction.
    • Megaloblastic anemia involves slow erythroblast proliferation, often due to Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency.
    • Hemolytic anemia occurs when red blood cells are destroyed prematurely.
    • Erythroblastosis fetalis arises when Rh-positive fetal red blood cells are attacked by antibodies from an Rh-negative mother.

    Polycythemia

    • Polycythemia is characterized by too many red blood cells.
    • Polycythemia is of two forms: polycythemia vera (or erythremia), and secondary polycythemia.
    • Secondary polycythemia arises from hypoxia (lack of oxygen) in tissues like high altitude or respiration issues.
    • Polycythemia vera results from abnormal genetic mutations in the stem cells.
    • Both types of polycythemia result in elevated hematocrit levels.

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    Gas Transport 2 Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on key concepts in hematology, examining factors affecting blood cells, hematocrit values, and physiological conditions like anemia and polycythemia. It tests understanding of red blood cell characteristics, essential vitamins, and the importance of gender in interpreting complete blood counts (CBC).

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