Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Oxidative Stress Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following atoms can be a free radical?

  • Oxygen (correct)
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen

What is the defining characteristic of a free radical?

  • Independent existence
  • Covalent bond formation
  • High chemical reactivity (correct)
  • Abstracting or donating an electron

What happens when a covalent bond between entities is broken?

  • Atoms combine to form a compound
  • Atoms lose an electron
  • Atoms gain an electron
  • Atoms become free radicals (correct)

What is the consequence of excessive or uncontrolled generation of free radicals?

<p>Major damage to cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of free radicals that explains their biological activities and cell damage?

<p>High chemical reactivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

<p>Nitric oxide radicals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of lipid peroxidation reactions on biological systems?

<p>Damage to biomolecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxidative stress in damage and disease?

<p>Contribution to damage and disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following provides protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and damage?

<p>Antioxidant enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major antioxidant vitamins?

<p>Vitamin E and Vitamin K (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Free Radicals

  • Any atom or molecule with an unpaired electron can be a free radical.
  • The defining characteristic of a free radical is having an unpaired electron, making it highly reactive.

Bond Breakage and Free Radicals

  • When a covalent bond between entities is broken, free radicals are formed.

Consequences of Free Radicals

  • Excessive or uncontrolled generation of free radicals can lead to oxidative stress and cell damage.
  • The key feature of free radicals that explains their biological activities and cell damage is their high reactivity due to the unpaired electron.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

  • Major ROS include superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide, but not carbon dioxide.
  • Lipid peroxidation reactions, driven by ROS, can alter biological membranes, disrupt cellular function, and cause damage.

Oxidative Stress and Disease

  • Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant defenses, contributes to damage and disease.

Antioxidants and Protection

  • Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, provide protection against ROS formation and damage by neutralizing free radicals.
  • The major antioxidant vitamins are vitamins C and E, which play a crucial role in maintaining cellular health and preventing oxidative stress.

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