Innate Immunity III
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Questions and Answers

Which cell type is short-lived and also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)?

  • Mast cells
  • Neutrophils (correct)
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages

    • What is the primary role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in innate immunity?

  • Induction of antiviral immune responses (correct)
  • Activation of mast cells
  • Production of antibodies
  • Phagocytosis of infectious agents

    • What is the process by which neutrophils release their granule contents and exert effector functions?

  • Apoptosis
  • NETosis (correct)
  • Endocytosis
  • Phagocytosis

    • Which cell type is known for its role in mediating allergic reactions?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is involved in the phagocytosis of infectious agents or apoptotic cells?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mast cells upon activation?

    <p>Mediation of allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is known for its role in killing infected cells and tumor cells?

    <p>Natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the collaboration between natural killer cells and macrophages during a response?

    <p>Cytotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key enzymes involved in the phagosome, late phagosome, and phagolysosome during phagocytosis?

    <p>Hyaluronidase, Collagenase, Elastase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for producing hypochlorous acid and hydroxyl radicals from green heme pigment?

    <p>Myeloperoxidase (MPO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?

    <p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular components combine to form Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?

    <p>Histones and DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mast cells in vascularized tissues?

    <p>Regulate vasodilation and vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule promotes smooth muscle release of NO to induce vasodilation and increases vascular permeability?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the low level degranulation of mast cells?

    <p>PAMP binding to PRR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme activates metalloproteases for extracellular matrix remodeling?

    <p>Tryptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular response requires ROS/RNS production and the enzymatic activity of NADPH oxidase and Myeloperoxidase?

    <p>Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are primarily responsible for increasing vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and airway constriction in the lungs?

    <p>Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that make them effective against certain microbes?

    <p>DNA, Histones, Proteins from granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neutrophils in the immune system?

    <p>Engulf foreign particles or microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors promote actin reorganization during phagocytosis?

    <p>Mannose receptor and complement receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the marker for phagocytosis displayed on the outer membrane of host cells during apoptosis?

    <p>Phosphatidylserine (PS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are used by neutrophils and macrophages to destroy pathogens and recruit more immune cells?

    <p>Pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do neutrophil granules contain that contribute to the destruction of pathogens?

    <p>Digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for some bacteria to be effectively taken up by phagocytic cells?

    <p>Opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process triggers the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during phagocytosis?

    <p>Respiratory burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phagocytes in chronic infections?

    <p>Decrease in numbers to fight infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the mobilization of neutrophil granules upon activation or contact with the endothelium or microbes?

    <p>'Kiss-and-run' exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf foreign particles or microbes?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are primarily responsible for producing type I interferons to induce an antiviral state and activate NK cells?

    <p>Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are involved in eosinophil production and activation, as well as T cell responses for IgE production?

    <p>IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells release histamine and other mediators to amplify inflammation?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cell circulates in the blood and lymphatics, is derived from the lymphocyte lineage, and expresses CD56, CD16 (Fc receptor), and is CD3negative?

    <p>NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are tissue resident cells that link innate and adaptive immune responses?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are usually involved in binding peptides for display to CD8-expressing T cells and serve as an inhibitory ligand for the inhibitory receptors of NK cells?

    <p>MHC class I molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of NK cells?

    <p>Producing cytokines for enhancing phagocytosis and promoting wound healing, and cytotoxicity of virally-infected and abnormal (cancerous) host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cell is primarily responsible for producing type I interferons to induce an antiviral state and activate NK cells?

    <p>Plasmacytoid dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for producing hypochlorous acid and hydroxyl radicals from green heme pigment?

    <p>Myeloperoxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule promotes smooth muscle release of NO to induce vasodilation and increases vascular permeability?

    <p>NO synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is involved in the phagocytosis of infectious agents or apoptotic cells?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the mobilization of neutrophil granules upon activation or contact with the endothelium or microbes?

    <p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neutrophils in the immune system?

    <p>Phagocytosis of infectious agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the immune response?

    <p>Generates hypochlorous acid and hydroxyl radicals (.OH, OH-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is responsible for lowering the pH in the lumen of the phagosome during phagocytosis?

    <p>Vacuolar ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are formed?

    <p>Programmed cell death distinct from apoptosis and necrosis pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for producing nitric oxide (NO) from Arginine and O2 in the immune response?

    <p>iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the low level degranulation of mast cells (and basophils) resulting in the release of eicosanoids and vasoactive amines?

    <p>PRR ligation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type has been shown to produce extracellular traps (ETosis), similar to neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is triggered by the binding of pathogen-associated ligands to various receptors?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What markers on the outer membrane of host cells trigger phagocytosis during apoptosis?

    <p>Phosphatidylserine (PS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are primarily responsible for increasing vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and airway constriction in the lungs?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neutrophils in the immune system?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are used by neutrophils and macrophages to destroy pathogens and recruit more immune cells?

    <p>IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α along with ROS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the crucial part of the innate immune response that involves some bacteria being resistant to phagocytosis and requiring opsonization for effective uptake?

    <p>Opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells are primarily responsible for producing type I interferons to induce an antiviral state and activate NK cells?

    <p>Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for producing hypochlorous acid and hydroxyl radicals from green heme pigment?

    <p>Myeloperoxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process triggers the low level degranulation of mast cells?

    <p>Cross-linking of IgE bound to the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neutrophils in the immune system?

    <p>Phagocytosis of infectious agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for some bacteria to be effectively taken up by phagocytic cells?

    <p>Opsonization with complement proteins or antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which neutrophils release their granule contents and exert effector functions?

    <p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are primarily responsible for increasing vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and airway constriction in the lungs?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Prostaglandins are local hormones that cause various effects in the body, including increasing vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, airway constriction, and mucus secretion (in lungs).

    • Mast cells release histamine and other mediators to amplify inflammation.

    • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis.

    • Interleukins (IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF) are involved in eosinophil production and activation, as well as T cell responses for IgE production.

    • Interleukins IL-8 and IL-17 promote neutrophil recruitment and activation.

    • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are found primarily in tissues and are the primary producers of type I interferons (IFNalpha mainly) to induce an antiviral state and activate NK cells.

    • NK cells are a type of immune cell that circulate in the blood and lymphatics, derived from the lymphocyte lineage, and have two main functions: producing cytokines for enhancing phagocytosis and promoting wound healing, and cytotoxicity of virally-infected and abnormal (cancerous) host cells.

    • NK cells express CD56, CD16 (Fc receptor), and are CD3negative.

    • Inflammation is not a prerequisite for NK function.

    • Cytokines activate NK cells, promoting their proliferation and mobilization, and releasing granules at the point of contact with the host cell.

    • IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, type I IFNs, and TNF-α are cytokines that activate NK cells.

    • Resting and activated NK cells are primed to release granules, but must receive an inhibitory signal from MHC class I molecules to prevent release.

    • MHC class I molecules are proteins found on all nucleated cells, usually involved in binding peptides for display to CD8-expressing T cells, and serve as an inhibitory ligand for the inhibitory receptors of NK cells, sending an inhibitory signal and preventing NK release of cytotoxins.

    • Macrophages and NK cells have a positive feedback loop during the early response: macrophages produce IL-12, activating tissue resident and infiltrating NK cells; activated NK cells release IFN-γ, bound by IFN-γ receptors on macrophages, increasing phagocytosis of engulfed microbes and activating NADPH oxidase and iNOS.

    • Monocytes in the blood can differentiate into macrophages in tissue via encounter with GM-CSF and M-CSF.

    • Macrophages can be polarized into M1 or M2 types based on the predominant cytokines present during differentiation, with M1 macrophages producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and M2 macrophages producing anti-inflammatory cytokines and ECM proteins.

    • Eosinophils contribute to the innate immune response by recruiting and activating with IL-5, releasing granules containing proteins that disrupt membranes and degrade DNA of parasites.

    • Innate immunity operates to limit the expansion of microbes until adaptive immunity can eliminate invaders.

    • Dendritic cells are tissue resident cells that link innate and adaptive immune responses.

    • Prostaglandins are local hormones that cause various effects in the body, including increasing vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, airway constriction, and mucus secretion (in lungs).

    • Mast cells release histamine and other mediators to amplify inflammation.

    • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis.

    • Interleukins (IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF) are involved in eosinophil production and activation, as well as T cell responses for IgE production.

    • Interleukins IL-8 and IL-17 promote neutrophil recruitment and activation.

    • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are found primarily in tissues and are the primary producers of type I interferons (IFNalpha mainly) to induce an antiviral state and activate NK cells.

    • NK cells are a type of immune cell that circulate in the blood and lymphatics, derived from the lymphocyte lineage, and have two main functions: producing cytokines for enhancing phagocytosis and promoting wound healing, and cytotoxicity of virally-infected and abnormal (cancerous) host cells.

    • NK cells express CD56, CD16 (Fc receptor), and are CD3negative.

    • Inflammation is not a prerequisite for NK function.

    • Cytokines activate NK cells, promoting their proliferation and mobilization, and releasing granules at the point of contact with the host cell.

    • IL-1β, IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, type I IFNs, and TNF-α are cytokines that activate NK cells.

    • Resting and activated NK cells are primed to release granules, but must receive an inhibitory signal from MHC class I molecules to prevent release.

    • MHC class I molecules are proteins found on all nucleated cells, usually involved in binding peptides for display to CD8-expressing T cells, and serve as an inhibitory ligand for the inhibitory receptors of NK cells, sending an inhibitory signal and preventing NK release of cytotoxins.

    • Macrophages and NK cells have a positive feedback loop during the early response: macrophages produce IL-12, activating tissue resident and infiltrating NK cells; activated NK cells release IFN-γ, bound by IFN-γ receptors on macrophages, increasing phagocytosis of engulfed microbes and activating NADPH oxidase and iNOS.

    • Monocytes in the blood can differentiate into macrophages in tissue via encounter with GM-CSF and M-CSF.

    • Macrophages can be polarized into M1 or M2 types based on the predominant cytokines present during differentiation, with M1 macrophages producing pro-inflammatory cytokines and M2 macrophages producing anti-inflammatory cytokines and ECM proteins.

    • Eosinophils contribute to the innate immune response by recruiting and activating with IL-5, releasing granules containing proteins that disrupt membranes and degrade DNA of parasites.

    • Innate immunity operates to limit the expansion of microbes until adaptive immunity can eliminate invaders.

    • Dendritic cells are tissue resident cells that link innate and adaptive immune responses.

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