RDH 226 Anatomy & Physiology Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of arteries in the cardiovascular system?

To facilitate gas exchange in tissues

To store excess blood volume

To carry blood toward the heart

To transport blood away from the heart (correct)

Which statement accurately describes stroke volume (SV)?

It indicates the heart's relaxation phase

It represents the number of beats per minute

It measures the total blood volume in the body

It is defined as the volume of blood pumped by the ventricle with each beat (correct)

What role do veins play in the circulatory system?

They carry blood away from capillary beds

They prevent blood from flowing backward due to valves (correct)

They pump blood throughout the body

They are the smallest blood vessels in the heart

What is the normal stroke volume (SV) for an adult?

5.25 L/min Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates capillaries from other blood vessels?

They are microscopic vessels in direct contact with tissue cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the physical characteristics of blood?

It is a sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?

Production of melanin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteocalcin produced by bones?

To help regulate insulin secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone shape is characterized by being longer than they are wide?

Long bones Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the human skeleton would you find the vertebral column?

Axial skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones is classified as a flat bone?

Scapula Signup and view all the answers

How many named bones are there in the human skeleton?

206 Signup and view all the answers

Which group of bones includes the skull and rib cage?

Axial skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of short bones?

Cube-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Return fluids and plasma proteins to the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Where do T cells mature in the human body?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity involves B cells and T cells?

Adaptive immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is part of the upper respiratory system?

Pharynx Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during inspiration in the respiratory process?

Alveolar pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the digestive system?

Break down food into nutrient molecules Signup and view all the answers

What role do macrophages play in the immune system?

They filter lymph as it passes through lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which structure drains the right upper arm and right side of the head?

Right lymphatic duct Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory process involves the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood?

External respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

Protection and secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of connective tissue?

Contains large amounts of intercellular substance with fewer cells Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the building of large molecules from smaller ones in cellular metabolism?

Anabolism Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movement?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

In the principle of complementarity, what does 'structure determines function' imply?

The form of a structure directly influences its purpose Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of transport methods in cellular membrane transport?

Active and passive transport Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the role of enzymes in cellular metabolism?

They reduce activation energy for reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'meiosis' result in during cell division?

Four mixed gene daughter cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is characterized by a gel-like matrix and is found in areas needing flexibility and support?

Cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the integumentary system?

Protection and temperature regulation Signup and view all the answers

What color indicates high levels of O2 in blood?

Scarlet red Signup and view all the answers

What is the average blood volume in adult females?

4–5 L Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes agglutinogens?

They are antigens found on RBC membranes. Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies in blood typically function?

They act against foreign antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main components of the lymphatic system?

Network of lymphatics, lymph, lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is NOT part of the lymphoid system?

Pancreas Signup and view all the answers

What role do lymph nodes play in the lymphatic system?

They cleanse lymph as it passes through. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of body weight does blood make up?

About 8% Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Terms in A&P

Anatomy studies body structure and interrelationships.
Physiology examines how body parts function to sustain life.
Principle of complementarity: the structure of a body part determines its function.

Subdivisions of Anatomy

Gross Anatomy: Focuses on large-visible structures; includes regional, systemic, and surface anatomy.
Microscopic Anatomy: Studies structures not visible to the naked eye, divided into cytology (cells) and histology (tissues).
Developmental Anatomy: Observes anatomical and physiological changes throughout life, including embryology (development before birth).

Levels of Organization

Layers from chemical to organism level: Chemical, Organelle, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism.

Cellular Structure

Components of a cell include centrioles, ribosomes, plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, peroxisomes, proteasomes, and cytoplasm which consists of cytosol and a cytoskeleton.

Cellular Membrane Transport

Passive Transport: Includes diffusion (simple, facilitated, osmosis) and filtration (no energy required).
Active Transport: Requires energy; includes active transport, vesicular transport (endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis).

Cellular Metabolism

Metabolism consists of anabolism (building large molecules, energy-consuming) and catabolism (breaking down molecules, energy-releasing).
Enzymes lower activation energy for reactions; they regulate cell metabolism.

Cell Growth and Reproduction

Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells; meiosis produces four haploid, genetically diverse cells.

Tissue Types

Types of tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Nerve, Muscle.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers body surfaces/cavities; functions in protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, sensory reception.
Types: Surface/lining (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and glandular epithelium (endocrine and exocrine).

Connective Tissue

Functions include binding/support, protection, insulation, storage, and transportation.
Contains abundant intercellular substance; classified into four types: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood.

Muscle Tissue

Highly vascularized; responsible for movement.
Three types: Skeletal (voluntary), Cardiac (involuntary, heart), Smooth (involuntary, organs).

Nervous Tissue

Main component of the nervous system; consists of neurons and supporting cells (neuroglia).
Regulates body functions; divided into CNS (central) and PNS (peripheral).

Integumentary System

Comprises skin, hair, nails, glands; functions: protection, temperature regulation, sensation, metabolic processes.
Epidermis (avascular epithelial tissue) and dermis (vascular connective tissue); skin pigmentation due to melanin.

Skeletal System

Major functions: support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, fat storage, hormone production.
Composed of 206 named bones, classified into axial (80 bones) and appendicular skeletons.

Blood and Cardiovascular System

Blood functions: transport, regulation, and protection.
Components: plasma, formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets).
Heart rate and stroke volume are key measurements in cardiovascular health.

Lymphatic System

Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes; returns fluids to blood and plays a key role in immunity.
Lymphoid organs include spleen, thymus, tonsils; T and B cells mature in specific locations.

Immune System

Two types: Innate (nonspecific) and Adaptive (specific).
Involves a variety of responses against pathogens, employing mechanical barriers, phagocytes, and lymphocytes.

Respiratory System

Functions: supply O2, dispose of CO2 through pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport, and internal respiration.
Major organs: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

Digestive System

Main functions: ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion.
Comprises two groups: alimentary canal (GI tract) and accessory organs (teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas).

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in anatomy and physiology, focusing on the structural and functional relationships of body parts. It emphasizes the principle of complementarity, where the function of structures reflects their anatomy. Prepare to solidify your understanding of these essential topics in health science.