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Questions and Answers
What is the dread effect?
What is the dread effect?
Perception of an increase in the probability of occurrence of an event due to its ease of being visualized and its feared consequences.
What is the unfamiliarity effect?
What is the unfamiliarity effect?
Perception of increased probability of an event due to an individual's absence of prior experience with the event.
What is the uncontrollability effect?
What is the uncontrollability effect?
Perception of increased probability of occurrence of an event due to the perceived inability to control or prevent it.
What is life expectancy life year (LELY)?
What is life expectancy life year (LELY)?
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What does health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) measure?
What does health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) measure?
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What is Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)?
What is Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)?
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What is the definition of stewardship in public health?
What is the definition of stewardship in public health?
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What are the core public health functions?
What are the core public health functions?
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Which of the following are components of HALE?
Which of the following are components of HALE?
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What is the role of an epidemiologist?
What is the role of an epidemiologist?
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An individual is evaluated in the ___ process.
An individual is evaluated in the ___ process.
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What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?
What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?
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What are social determinants of health?
What are social determinants of health?
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What is R naught?
What is R naught?
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What is the purpose of public health surveillance?
What is the purpose of public health surveillance?
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What factors can affect the quality of health care?
What factors can affect the quality of health care?
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What are the benefits of hand washing?
What are the benefits of hand washing?
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What are downstream factors?
What are downstream factors?
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What are the top causes of injury in KSA?
What are the top causes of injury in KSA?
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What does the reproduction number (R) measure?
What does the reproduction number (R) measure?
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An R value greater than 1 implies that the number of infections will decrease over time.
An R value greater than 1 implies that the number of infections will decrease over time.
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Which of the following factors impact R naught?
Which of the following factors impact R naught?
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Define health equity.
Define health equity.
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What is the definition of health inequality according to the WHO?
What is the definition of health inequality according to the WHO?
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What is accreditation?
What is accreditation?
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What does the term 'credentialing' refer to?
What does the term 'credentialing' refer to?
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What is the definition of a disaster in public health?
What is the definition of a disaster in public health?
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What are potential uses of genetic testing?
What are potential uses of genetic testing?
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What is the role of emergency medical services in low-income countries?
What is the role of emergency medical services in low-income countries?
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Define unintentional injuries.
Define unintentional injuries.
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Which factor impacts how we perceive public health information?
Which factor impacts how we perceive public health information?
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What is the primary goal of the TB Alliance?
What is the primary goal of the TB Alliance?
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What aspects do public health officials consider when defining a health problem?
What aspects do public health officials consider when defining a health problem?
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Study Notes
Risk Perception Effects
- Dread Effect: Increased perception of an event's probability due to its visual impact and feared consequences; explains heightened fear of shark attacks over drowning.
- Unfamiliarity Effect: Heightened perception of risk due to lack of prior experience; personal stories of illness can influence risk perception, e.g., knowledge of someone with lung cancer affects views on smoking dangers.
- Uncontrollability Effect: Perception that risks are higher when individuals feel powerless to prevent them, such as preferring car travel over flying despite lower air travel risks.
Health Metrics and Life Expectancy
- Life Expectancy Life Year (LELY): Reflects mortality risks of a population but cannot predict individual future lifespans accurately.
- Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE): Combines life expectancy with health quality measures, including mobility and cognition. Used by WHO to reflect overall population health.
- Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY): Assesses overall population health by accounting for both premature mortality and disability.
Public Health Organizations and Stewardship
- CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention): Renowned organization aiding in disease surveillance, control, and prevention, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
- Stewardship Definition: Responsible management by governments to achieve national health objectives.
Quality in Healthcare
- Quality Definition by IOM: Degree to which health services enhance desired health outcomes; emphasizes patient safety, efficiency, and equity.
- Quality Challenges: Varying quality due to management issues, resource limitations, and lack of monitoring systems.
Research and Investigation Types
- Randomized Control Trials: Considered the gold standard for evidence quality in investigations.
- Ecological Studies: Evaluates the effects of environmental factors on health; useful for understanding community health issues.
Epidemiology
- Contributory Cause: Established when an association between cause and effect exists, cause precedes effect, and altering the cause changes the effect.
- Koch’s Postulates: Guidelines for establishing a causative relationship between a microbe and disease.
- Burden of Disease: Analysis of both morbidity and mortality caused by diseases, assessing incidence and prevalence rates.
Social Determinants of Health
- Definition: Conditions influencing health, shaped by economics, social policies, and politics.
- Key Categories: Social status, education, housing, stress, access to health services, and various environmental factors.
Public Health Surveillance
- Purpose: Monitors health data to identify health problems, hypothesize causes, and assess intervention success without personal identification.
Credentialing Scope
- Definition: Process of verifying qualifications for professional practice, often leading to certification.
Health Behavior Factors
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Downstream, Mainstream, and Upstream Factors:
- Downstream involves individual behavior (e.g., smoking).
- Mainstream is influenced by group interactions (e.g., peer pressure).
- Upstream arises from social policies (e.g., tobacco production).
Core Public Health Functions
- Assessment: Monitoring health status and investigating health problems.
- Policy Development: Creating evidence-based health policies and mobilizing community action.
- Assurance: Ensuring health systems work effectively and providing necessary healthcare services.
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
- Rising Rates: Focus on lifestyle changes to address NCDs like heart disease and diabetes.
- High-Risk vs. Improving the Average: High-risk targets those at the greatest risk, while improving the average reduces risks across the entire population.
Mandatory Vaccination History
- KSA Vaccination Program (1970s): Significantly decreased under-five mortality rates.
Causes of Injury and Prevention
- Leading Cause: Road accidents in KSA; public awareness and health system collaboration are crucial in response.
- Preventative Strategies: Improved infrastructure, safety measures, and education.
Communicable vs. Non-Communicable Diseases
- Communicable Diseases: Transmitted through various pathways from pathogens.
- Non-communicable Diseases: Include conditions like cancer and cardiovascular diseases that lead to disability and morbidity.
Healthcare System Complexity
- U.S. Healthcare System: Fragmented with various coverage options and no standard benefits, highlighting systemic inequities.
R naught and Disease Transmission
- R naught (R): Indicates disease transmission potential; critical for predicting epidemic spread.
- Impacting Factors: Mode of transmission and communicability period.
Equity vs. Inequality in Health
- Health Equity: Ensures everyone has a fair opportunity for health regardless of societal factors.
- Health Inequality: Differences in health status influenced by socio-economic factors.
Accreditation vs. Credentialing
- Accreditation: Ensures institutions meet defined standards in healthcare and education settings.### Accreditation and Credentialing
- Accreditation sets educational standards for institutions, requiring self-studies and external reviews to ensure quality in health professions.
- Standards may specify details like laboratory space per student and subject hours, or allow institutions flexibility in curriculum implementation.
- Credentialing verifies an individual's qualifications to practice a profession, distinguishing it from institutional evaluation.
- Certification, a common form of credentialing, involves a profession-led process where applicants pass examinations post-education for recognition.
Impact of Natural Disasters
- Disasters cause significant damage, human loss, and health deterioration, necessitating external assistance.
- Earthquakes can result in immediate fatalities and injuries, while long-term consequences include orthopedic disabilities and mental health challenges.
- Health effects of earthquakes vary based on severity, location, and infrastructure damage affecting displacement.
Role of Genetic Testing in Public Health
- Genetics plays a critical role in disease development and intervention strategies, recognized since the 1960s.
- Genetic testing can predict disease risk, provide insights into drug responses (pharmacogenetics), and identify risks for hereditary diseases in reproductive settings.
Emergency Medical Services in Low-Income Countries
- Low-income countries need cost-effective emergency medical service improvements, including emergency transport solutions.
- Innovative approaches like bicycle ambulances have been successfully implemented for obstetric emergencies in Malawi.
- Training community members, such as truck drivers, can enhance first aid response to accidents.
- Investment in better training for healthcare personnel in emergency services is crucial.
Unaltered vs. Altered Environments
- Environmental factors significantly influence disease prevalence and outcomes.
- Unaltered environments may result in natural disasters, while altered environments expose populations to toxic substances and health hazards due to human intervention.
Nonintentional Injuries
- Unintentional injuries occur without intent, encompassing motor vehicle accidents, drownings, falls, fires, and poisonings.
- The economic burden includes direct costs (medical care, rehabilitation) and indirect costs (lost wages, insurance payouts).
- WHO estimated direct costs of road traffic injuries at $500 billion annually, especially impacting low- and middle-income countries.
- Long-term physical and psychosocial effects persist in trauma victims, including chronic pain and cognitive issues.
Perception of Public Health Information
- Dread effect heightens perceived risk due to dramatic visuals and catastrophic potential, explaining fears like shark attacks over drowning.
- Unfamiliarity effect increases perceived risk based on lack of experience, guiding personal interpretations of health risks.
- Uncontrollability effect elevates fear of events perceived as uncontrollable, skewing risk perceptions towards less familiar hazards.
WHO Structure, Role, and Limitations
- Understanding the WHO's governance, functions, and challenges is essential in public health context.
TB Alliance Overview
- TB Alliance, established in 2000, focuses on developing affordable TB treatments, headquartered in New York City.
- It holds the largest TB drug pipeline, aiming to provide faster therapies, especially in developing regions.
- Collaboration across sectors ensures accessibility and affordability, addressing drug-resistant TB challenges.
Understanding Public Health Problems
- Burden of disease encompasses morbidity and mortality metrics.
- Course of disease refers to disease occurrence, prevalence, and post-occurrence outcomes.
- Distribution of disease considers demographic (who), temporal (when), and geographical (where) factors, aiding in hypothesizing causal relationships.
- Epidemiologists assess shifts in disease distribution to identify potential causes, considering data interest, identification ability, and definitions.
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