Prenatal Development and Genetics Quiz

The initial stage of prenatal development, from conception to two weeks, where a single-celled zygote rapidly divides and implants in the uterine wall.

The second stage of prenatal development (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid organ formation and major body structures, making it a critical period for vulnerability to teratogens.

The longest stage of prenatal development (9 weeks to birth) focuses on growth and refinement of existing organs and systems, with the fetus becoming increasingly capable of independent survival.

Substances that can harm the developing fetus, such as alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and certain infections, potentially causing birth defects or developmental problems.

The transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to their offspring, involving dominant and recessive genes located on chromosomes.

Genetic conditions caused by mutations or variations in genes, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia, affecting development and health.

The field that studies the interplay between genetics and environment in shaping behavior and development, exploring concepts like gene-environment interactions and epigenetics.

A condition during pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, protein in urine, and swelling, potentially affecting the baby and the mother's health.

The process of cell division where one cell splits into two identical cells.

The structure that connects the pregnant person's blood supply to the developing embryo, delivering oxygen and nutrients.

The process of cells becoming specialized and forming different body parts, starting in the germinal period.

Growth during prenatal development that follows a pattern from head to tail.

Growth during prenatal development that follows a pattern from the center of the body outward.

The formation of the spinal cord and brain along the back of the embryo.

The point at which a fetus has a chance to survive outside the uterus, typically around 22 to 26 weeks.

The capacity to experience pain, which develops in the fetus around 24 weeks.

The process by which sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote, marking the beginning of a new life.

The one-cell structure resulting from the fertilization of an egg by a sperm.

The period of time from conception to birth, encompassing all stages of prenatal development.

The process of adopting a child into a family, offering a permanent home and loving care.

The basic building block of heredity, responsible for creating proteins that influence cell structure and function.

The process of a cell's nucleus making an exact copy of chromosomes and splitting into two new cells.

The process where gametes (sperm or ova) duplicate their chromosomes and divide twice, resulting in cells with half the original genetic material.

The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are similar in length and responsible for most physical traits.

The pair of chromosomes that determine a person's sex. XX for female, XY for male.

The genetic differences between individuals that help a species adapt to its environment.

The international scientific effort to map all the genes in the human genome, completed in 2003.

A large database cataloging genetic variations in different populations across the globe, created by the Human Genome Project.

The study of how genes affect drug responses, aiming to personalize treatments for individuals.

A condition characterized by having only one sex chromosome (X), often resulting in short stature and developmental delays.

A condition characterized by having an extra X chromosome (XXY), leading to male characteristics but sometimes certain developmental differences.

Substances that can cause birth defects in a developing fetus, such as alcohol, drugs, or certain infections.

The process of a baby being born, involving stages like labor, delivery, and the placenta's expulsion.

Factors that can complicate the birth process, such as premature birth, breech position, or complications with the placenta.

The period of development from conception to birth, encompassing both the embryonic and fetal stages.

A specific version of a gene that influences a particular trait.

A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (X or Y).

A trait that is expressed even when only one copy of the responsible gene is present (e.g., curly hair).

A combination of different alleles from each parent for a particular gene.

Having two identical alleles from each parent for a particular gene.

The outward expression of a trait, influenced by both genes and environment.

A trait that is only expressed when two copies of the responsible gene are present (e.g., red hair).

A sudden, permanent change in a gene's DNA sequence.

A tool used to predict the inheritance of traits in offspring, based on the parental alleles.

A pattern of inheritance where both alleles contribute to the phenotype (e.g., blood type).

A pattern of inheritance where neither allele is fully dominant, resulting in a blended phenotype (e.g., pink flowers).

The total collection of genes a person inherits from both parents.

Traits influenced by multiple genes, not just one (e.g., height, intelligence).

A genetic disorder where an individual inherits a defective gene from both parents.

A genetic disorder where an individual inherits a defective gene from only one parent.

A genetic disorder where the defective gene is located on the X chromosome, and males are disproportionately affected.

A genetic disorder where the red blood cells are shaped like a sickle, affecting oxygen transport.

A genetic disorder that affects breathing and digestion due to thick mucus buildup.

A metabolic disorder where an individual cannot properly break down phenylalanine, an amino acid.

A genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in an enzyme, resulting in the accumulation of lipids in nerve cells, causing progressive damage and developmental delay.

A genetic disorder where the body lacks melanin, leading to little to no pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.

A genetic disorder that affects the nervous system, causing nerve cell damage and deterioration, impacting movement, behavior, and cognition.

A tic disorder causing uncontrollable motor and vocal tics, as well as body jerking.

The most common form of disproportionate short stature, characterized by abnormal bone growth, leading to specific physical features.

A genetic disorder where the body cannot produce a protein needed for brain development, causing problems with learning and behavior.

A genetic disorder that causes problems with blood clotting, leading to excessive internal and external bleeding.

A weakening of the muscles, leading to inability to move, wasting away, and possible death.

A condition where a child inherits too many or too few chromosomes, often caused by errors in cell division.

A person who carries one copy of a recessive gene for a specific trait, but does not express the trait themselves.

Identical twins formed when a fertilized egg splits into two embryos, resulting in genetically identical offspring.

Fraternal twins resulting from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm, sharing the same genetic material as any siblings.

Research studies that compare monozygotic and dizygotic twins to understand the relative contributions of genetics and environment to specific traits.

The study of how genetic and environmental factors interact to influence individual characteristics, often using family studies or twin studies.

Traits more similar in genetically closer individuals, suggesting a strong genetic influence.

The idea that while genes play a role in behavior, the environment also significantly shapes the expression of those genes.

Not all genetic disorders are serious or disabling. Some have mild or manageable impacts.

Dominant gene-linked disorders are less common than recessive gene-linked disorders, but many are not severe and individuals can lead healthy lives with proper management.

Genetic disorders are conditions caused by mutations or variations in genes, leading to a range of health and developmental effects.

Twins have provided crucial insights into the interplay between genetics and environment, helping us understand the complexity of human traits.

Caused by an extra chromosome 21, leading to intellectual variations, characteristic facial features, and often heart defects.

A disorder resulting from the loss of all or part of one X chromosome, leading to developmental delays, infertility, and a short stature in females.

Caused by an extra X chromosome in males, resulting in reduced testosterone levels, breast development, and possible infertility.

A service that helps individuals understand and manage potential genetic conditions affecting themselves or their offspring.

A type of genotype-environment correlation where individuals actively seek out environments that support their genetic predispositions.

A type of genotype-environment correlation where the environment reacts to individuals based on their inherited characteristics.

A type of genotype-environment correlation where children inherit both genes and environments from their families.

The idea that genetic predispositions can interact with environmental factors, influencing the development of certain traits or disorders.

The study of modifications to DNA that affect gene expression and can be inherited.

A condition caused by an extra chromosome 13, leading to severe birth defects and early death.

A condition caused by an extra chromosome 18, resulting in multiple birth defects and often early death.

A condition where individuals have inherited too many or too few chromosomes.

A condition occurring when a disorder is located on chromosome pair #23, affecting sex chromosomes.

The specific time during prenatal development when a particular organ or body part is most vulnerable to teratogens.

An infection that can cause serious health problems for both the pregnant person and the developing baby, potentially leading to miscarriage, stillbirth, or birth defects.

Maternal illnesses, such as diabetes, cytomegalovirus, or Rubella, that can increase the chance of a baby being born with a birth defect or having a chronic health problem.

The effects of stressors on the body, impacting both physical and mental well-being, and potentially affecting the developing fetus through the mother's blood supply.

Factors related to the father's age, occupation, and health habits that can influence the health and development of the offspring.

The amount or level of exposure to a teratogen, which can influence the severity of damage to the developing fetus.

The role of genes in determining the impact of teratogens, with some people being more susceptible or resistant to their effects.

The potential for the sex chromosomes (X and Y) to influence vulnerability to teratogens.

The importance of timing during prenatal development, as certain organs and body parts are more vulnerable to teratogens during specific periods.

A serious complication of pregnancy where the zygote attaches to the fallopian tube instead of the uterus, potentially endangering the mother's health.

Severe vomiting during pregnancy, causing dehydration and weight loss, more severe than the common 'morning sickness'

A decrease in heart function occurring during the last month of pregnancy or up to six months after birth.

Contractions occurring in the uterus, but not during labor, typically irregular and painless.

Bloody discharge that can occur as the mucous plug detaches from the cervix, a sign of labor starting.

Painful and regular contractions, increasing in intensity, a key indicator of true labor.

The gradual opening of the cervix during labor, measured in centimeters, from 1 to 10.

The first stage of labor, where the cervix dilates from 1 to 4 centimeters, often the longest and most exhausting part.

The second stage of labor, where the cervix dilates from 4 to 7 centimeters, usually when an epidural is administered.

A birth that takes place in a home setting, often with the assistance of a midwife.

A condition where a baby is born weighing less than 5.8 pounds (2500 grams).

A birth that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation.

A temporary lack of oxygen to the brain, often occurring during delivery.

The death of a baby before its first birthday.

The death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days after delivery.

The care provided to the mother and baby after delivery, addressing physical and emotional well-being.

A widely used tool to assess the newborn's health and well-being shortly after birth.

A behavioral assessment tool for newborns, focusing on motor development, muscle tone, and stress response.

A birth that occurs outside of a hospital setting, typically at home.

A healthcare professional specializing in prenatal care, labor, delivery, and postpartum care.

A tear in the vaginal opening or perineum during childbirth.

A surgical incision made in the perineum to widen the vaginal opening.

The hormone that aids in uterine contractions and breastfeeding, promoting bonding between mother and baby.

Identical twins, though genetically identical, may increasingly differ in gene expression with age, driven by varying environmental experiences and lifestyle choices, resulting in distinct characteristics and susceptibilities to diseases.

The first trimester of pregnancy, from weeks 1 to 12, is the most critical period for fetal development, as the foundation for all major organs and systems is laid.

Approximately 10% of birth defects are attributed to prenatal exposure to teratogens.

Alcohol, particularly during the second month of pregnancy, can lead to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), affecting neurocognitive function and behavior.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) encompass a range of conditions caused by prenatal alcohol exposure, with varying degrees of severity and symptoms.

There is no safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, with binge drinking posing a particularly high risk to the fetus.

Nicotine, the primary substance in tobacco smoke, crosses the placenta and constricts blood vessels, depriving the fetus of oxygen and hindering growth.

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with a range of adverse outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm delivery, and increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

Prescription, over-the-counter, and recreational drugs can have teratogenic effects, potentially affecting the fetus's development and leading to birth defects.

Environmental chemicals, such as lead, mercury, and certain herbicides, can pose risks to the developing fetus, potentially impacting growth and neurological development.

Lead poisoning, often associated with older housing, can affect fetal growth and neurological development, highlighting the importance of environmental safety during pregnancy.

Radiation exposure, while it should be minimized during pregnancy, can pose potential risks to the developing baby, emphasizing the need for precautions.

Prenatal care plays a crucial role in ensuring the health of both the mother and the developing baby, especially during the critical first trimester.

Teratogen-caused birth defects are potentially preventable through responsible lifestyle choices, awareness of teratogens, and access to quality prenatal care.

The process of the baby's head emerging from the vagina, marked by the appearance of the head between the mother's labia.

The second stage of labor characterized by pushing and the baby's delivery. This stage can range from minutes to hours depending on the individual labor processes.

A method of delivering a baby using forceps, which are instruments used by doctors to grasp the baby's head and pull it out.

A method of delivering a baby using a suction cup attached to the baby's head. The suction creates a vacuum, allowing the doctor to gently pull the baby out.

A surgical procedure for delivering a baby through an incision in the mother's abdomen. This is often done when a vaginal birth would be too risky for the mother or baby.

The third stage of labor, where the placenta is delivered after the baby is born.

A birth center that is not part of a hospital, providing an alternative birthing environment for low-risk pregnancies.

A method of childbirth where the mother gives birth in water, often used in birth centers or at home.

A birth that occurs without any medical interventions, such as pain medication or surgical procedures.

A procedure where the mother is given an injection of a synthetic hormone, oxytocin, to help induce or augment labor.

A type of anesthesia that numbs the lower half of the body, often used during labor to manage pain.

The death of a baby before birth.

The death of a baby within the first 28 days of life.