Prenatal Development and Genetics Quiz

<p>Behavioral genetics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preeclampsia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess a newborn's health immediately after birth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A temporary state of emotional fluctuation that resolves on its own (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the zygote implants in the uterus lining. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide nourishment and oxygen to the embryo. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From head to tail. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early Fetal Period (around 16 weeks) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>22 days post-conception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At 9 weeks post-conception. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Embryonic period (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around 22 to 26 weeks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Germinal, embryonic, fetal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surrogacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The heart begins to beat and organs form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>28 grams (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>32 weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The late fetal period (24-40 weeks) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate body temperature after birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A fertilized egg. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20,500 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The impact of genetic information on healthcare. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are recipes for making proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 22 pairs of chromosomes similar in length. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>XY (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turner syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic variation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To catalogue all the genetic variations with 11 global populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>37 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic diversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allele (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expressed only when paired with another recessive allele. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carriers of the disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Huntington disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homozygous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is controlled by multiple genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variability in genes and traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incomplete dominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nearsightedness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Having two different alleles for a gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A genotype is a complete set of inherited genes, and a phenotype is the expressed traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A recessive gene causing abnormal red blood cell shape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monozygotic twins result from one fertilized egg, and dizygotic twins result from two. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The influence of genetics by comparing similarities between monozygotic and dizygotic twins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spoken language. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The scientific analysis of similarities among individuals based on biological relatedness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inherited one recessive and one dominant gene for the condition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen deprivation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They share the same genetic information as siblings from different births. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pregnancy resulting from older eggs or fertility treatments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of major body structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetics play the most important role in determining height. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial STIs can be cured with antibiotics, while viral STIs cannot. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No behavioral trait is fully inherited (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Huntington's Disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced risk of childhood obesity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They share their parent's genetic material. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure during critical periods can cause more severe damage to developing structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are not usually very serious nor debilitating. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of childhood cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of premature birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic relatedness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Y chromosome has fewer genes than the X chromosome, making it more vulnerable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rubella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal deformities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Down Syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid cell division leading to the formation of the blastocyst (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The age of the pregnant person (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sperm teratogens can affect the father's health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have different genetic makeups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Down syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turner Syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Klinefelter Syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Experiencing mild discomfort during pregnancy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When children inherit genes and environments from their family. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the social environment interacts differently with individuals based on inherited traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals seeking environments that reinforce their genetic tendencies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Males have one X chromosome and lack a second X to counteract the recessive gene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The different response to the environment based on an individuals's genetic susceptibility. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomal dominant disorders need only one copy of a mutated gene to be expressed; recessive disorders need two copies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An individual who has one copy of the mutated gene and does not show symptoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genotype-environment interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of DNA modifications that impact gene expression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Older persons' eggs are more likely to have abnormalities during the ripening process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random gene mutations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An abnormality in the X chromosome that causes it to break. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The triggering of a genetic predisposition due to environmental factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tay-Sachs Disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trisomy 13 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenylketonuria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Someone with a family history of a genetic condition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With the weakening of the muscles leading to mobility issues and possible death. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disproportionately short limbs, short fingers and a large head (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early death during infancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The incidence is much higher in Black populations than Hispanic populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By the buildup of thick, sticky mucus in the lungs and digestive system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Problems with the blood clotting process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It damages nerve cells and deteriorates parts of the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Significant visual impairments and skin with very little pigment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three copies of chromosome #21. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetic changes due to varied life experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors contributing to birth defects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small eye openings, smooth philtrum, and thin upper lip. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to the potential for unplanned pregnancies and associated risks in early stages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces oxygen availability to the developing baby. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The possibility of newborn withdrawal symptoms and other health problems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low birth weight and slowed neurological development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phocomelia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure during this period can lead to lifelong neurocognitive and behavioral difficulties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking increases the risk of fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, and SIDS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eating specific foods known to block common teratogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increased occurrence of a particular birth defect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FASD involves a range of symptoms, and not all individuals necessarily share the same traits or severity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal weight gain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The development of the fetus is in its most critical phase within the first three months. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crowning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To speed up delivery in cases of fetal distress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>400-500 cc (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forceps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When vaginal delivery is not possible or safe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher risk of NICU admission for breathing issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selecting an obstetrician who collaborates with midwives (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drug-free births in a home-like environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epidural anesthesia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased uterine rupture risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflation of normal labor time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can lead to further complications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>22-30% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intimacy and family-centered experience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of teratogens such as tobacco (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weighing less than 5.8 pounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaginal infections or gum disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have low body fat for insulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potential brain damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Racial disparities in healthcare access (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>APGAR test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steady increase over the last few decades (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates oxytocin release aiding in hemostasis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete prenatal and postnatal care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8.2 percent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased distance from emergency medical services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Week 7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contractions become more frequent and intense over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperemesis gravidarum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active Phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A painless contraction of the uterus often felt in the final months of pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of the mucus plug (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preeclampsia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weeks 3-7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cushion and protect the fetus from physical injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gestational diabetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early Phase, Active Phase, Transition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swelling and hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contractions stop during rest or movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The initial stage of prenatal development, from conception to two weeks, where a single-celled zygote rapidly divides and implants in the uterine wall.

The second stage of prenatal development (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid organ formation and major body structures, making it a critical period for vulnerability to teratogens.

The longest stage of prenatal development (9 weeks to birth) focuses on growth and refinement of existing organs and systems, with the fetus becoming increasingly capable of independent survival.

Substances that can harm the developing fetus, such as alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and certain infections, potentially causing birth defects or developmental problems.

The transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to their offspring, involving dominant and recessive genes located on chromosomes.

Genetic conditions caused by mutations or variations in genes, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia, affecting development and health.

The field that studies the interplay between genetics and environment in shaping behavior and development, exploring concepts like gene-environment interactions and epigenetics.

A condition during pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, protein in urine, and swelling, potentially affecting the baby and the mother's health.

The process of cell division where one cell splits into two identical cells.

The structure that connects the pregnant person's blood supply to the developing embryo, delivering oxygen and nutrients.

The process of cells becoming specialized and forming different body parts, starting in the germinal period.

Growth during prenatal development that follows a pattern from head to tail.

Growth during prenatal development that follows a pattern from the center of the body outward.

The formation of the spinal cord and brain along the back of the embryo.

The point at which a fetus has a chance to survive outside the uterus, typically around 22 to 26 weeks.

The capacity to experience pain, which develops in the fetus around 24 weeks.

The process by which sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote, marking the beginning of a new life.

The one-cell structure resulting from the fertilization of an egg by a sperm.

The period of time from conception to birth, encompassing all stages of prenatal development.

The process of adopting a child into a family, offering a permanent home and loving care.

The basic building block of heredity, responsible for creating proteins that influence cell structure and function.

The process of a cell's nucleus making an exact copy of chromosomes and splitting into two new cells.

The process where gametes (sperm or ova) duplicate their chromosomes and divide twice, resulting in cells with half the original genetic material.

The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are similar in length and responsible for most physical traits.

The pair of chromosomes that determine a person's sex. XX for female, XY for male.

The genetic differences between individuals that help a species adapt to its environment.

The international scientific effort to map all the genes in the human genome, completed in 2003.

A large database cataloging genetic variations in different populations across the globe, created by the Human Genome Project.

The study of how genes affect drug responses, aiming to personalize treatments for individuals.

A condition characterized by having only one sex chromosome (X), often resulting in short stature and developmental delays.

A condition characterized by having an extra X chromosome (XXY), leading to male characteristics but sometimes certain developmental differences.

Substances that can cause birth defects in a developing fetus, such as alcohol, drugs, or certain infections.

The process of a baby being born, involving stages like labor, delivery, and the placenta's expulsion.

Factors that can complicate the birth process, such as premature birth, breech position, or complications with the placenta.

The period of development from conception to birth, encompassing both the embryonic and fetal stages.

A specific version of a gene that influences a particular trait.

A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (X or Y).

A trait that is expressed even when only one copy of the responsible gene is present (e.g., curly hair).

A combination of different alleles from each parent for a particular gene.

Having two identical alleles from each parent for a particular gene.

The outward expression of a trait, influenced by both genes and environment.

A trait that is only expressed when two copies of the responsible gene are present (e.g., red hair).

A sudden, permanent change in a gene's DNA sequence.

A tool used to predict the inheritance of traits in offspring, based on the parental alleles.

A pattern of inheritance where both alleles contribute to the phenotype (e.g., blood type).

A pattern of inheritance where neither allele is fully dominant, resulting in a blended phenotype (e.g., pink flowers).

The total collection of genes a person inherits from both parents.

Traits influenced by multiple genes, not just one (e.g., height, intelligence).

A genetic disorder where an individual inherits a defective gene from both parents.

A genetic disorder where an individual inherits a defective gene from only one parent.

A genetic disorder where the defective gene is located on the X chromosome, and males are disproportionately affected.

A genetic disorder where the red blood cells are shaped like a sickle, affecting oxygen transport.

A genetic disorder that affects breathing and digestion due to thick mucus buildup.

A metabolic disorder where an individual cannot properly break down phenylalanine, an amino acid.

A genetic disorder caused by a deficiency in an enzyme, resulting in the accumulation of lipids in nerve cells, causing progressive damage and developmental delay.

A genetic disorder where the body lacks melanin, leading to little to no pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.

A genetic disorder that affects the nervous system, causing nerve cell damage and deterioration, impacting movement, behavior, and cognition.

A tic disorder causing uncontrollable motor and vocal tics, as well as body jerking.

The most common form of disproportionate short stature, characterized by abnormal bone growth, leading to specific physical features.

A genetic disorder where the body cannot produce a protein needed for brain development, causing problems with learning and behavior.

A genetic disorder that causes problems with blood clotting, leading to excessive internal and external bleeding.

A weakening of the muscles, leading to inability to move, wasting away, and possible death.

A condition where a child inherits too many or too few chromosomes, often caused by errors in cell division.

A person who carries one copy of a recessive gene for a specific trait, but does not express the trait themselves.

Identical twins formed when a fertilized egg splits into two embryos, resulting in genetically identical offspring.

Fraternal twins resulting from two separate eggs fertilized by different sperm, sharing the same genetic material as any siblings.

Research studies that compare monozygotic and dizygotic twins to understand the relative contributions of genetics and environment to specific traits.

The study of how genetic and environmental factors interact to influence individual characteristics, often using family studies or twin studies.

Traits more similar in genetically closer individuals, suggesting a strong genetic influence.

The idea that while genes play a role in behavior, the environment also significantly shapes the expression of those genes.

Not all genetic disorders are serious or disabling. Some have mild or manageable impacts.

Dominant gene-linked disorders are less common than recessive gene-linked disorders, but many are not severe and individuals can lead healthy lives with proper management.

Genetic disorders are conditions caused by mutations or variations in genes, leading to a range of health and developmental effects.

Twins have provided crucial insights into the interplay between genetics and environment, helping us understand the complexity of human traits.

Caused by an extra chromosome 21, leading to intellectual variations, characteristic facial features, and often heart defects.

A disorder resulting from the loss of all or part of one X chromosome, leading to developmental delays, infertility, and a short stature in females.

Caused by an extra X chromosome in males, resulting in reduced testosterone levels, breast development, and possible infertility.

A service that helps individuals understand and manage potential genetic conditions affecting themselves or their offspring.

A type of genotype-environment correlation where individuals actively seek out environments that support their genetic predispositions.

A type of genotype-environment correlation where the environment reacts to individuals based on their inherited characteristics.

A type of genotype-environment correlation where children inherit both genes and environments from their families.

The idea that genetic predispositions can interact with environmental factors, influencing the development of certain traits or disorders.

The study of modifications to DNA that affect gene expression and can be inherited.

A condition caused by an extra chromosome 13, leading to severe birth defects and early death.

A condition caused by an extra chromosome 18, resulting in multiple birth defects and often early death.

A condition where individuals have inherited too many or too few chromosomes.

A condition occurring when a disorder is located on chromosome pair #23, affecting sex chromosomes.

The specific time during prenatal development when a particular organ or body part is most vulnerable to teratogens.

An infection that can cause serious health problems for both the pregnant person and the developing baby, potentially leading to miscarriage, stillbirth, or birth defects.

Maternal illnesses, such as diabetes, cytomegalovirus, or Rubella, that can increase the chance of a baby being born with a birth defect or having a chronic health problem.

The effects of stressors on the body, impacting both physical and mental well-being, and potentially affecting the developing fetus through the mother's blood supply.

Factors related to the father's age, occupation, and health habits that can influence the health and development of the offspring.

The amount or level of exposure to a teratogen, which can influence the severity of damage to the developing fetus.

The role of genes in determining the impact of teratogens, with some people being more susceptible or resistant to their effects.

The potential for the sex chromosomes (X and Y) to influence vulnerability to teratogens.

The importance of timing during prenatal development, as certain organs and body parts are more vulnerable to teratogens during specific periods.

A serious complication of pregnancy where the zygote attaches to the fallopian tube instead of the uterus, potentially endangering the mother's health.

Severe vomiting during pregnancy, causing dehydration and weight loss, more severe than the common 'morning sickness'

A decrease in heart function occurring during the last month of pregnancy or up to six months after birth.

Contractions occurring in the uterus, but not during labor, typically irregular and painless.

Bloody discharge that can occur as the mucous plug detaches from the cervix, a sign of labor starting.

Painful and regular contractions, increasing in intensity, a key indicator of true labor.

The gradual opening of the cervix during labor, measured in centimeters, from 1 to 10.

The first stage of labor, where the cervix dilates from 1 to 4 centimeters, often the longest and most exhausting part.

The second stage of labor, where the cervix dilates from 4 to 7 centimeters, usually when an epidural is administered.

A birth that takes place in a home setting, often with the assistance of a midwife.

A condition where a baby is born weighing less than 5.8 pounds (2500 grams).

A birth that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation.

A temporary lack of oxygen to the brain, often occurring during delivery.

The death of a baby before its first birthday.

The death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days after delivery.

The care provided to the mother and baby after delivery, addressing physical and emotional well-being.

A widely used tool to assess the newborn's health and well-being shortly after birth.

A behavioral assessment tool for newborns, focusing on motor development, muscle tone, and stress response.

A birth that occurs outside of a hospital setting, typically at home.

A healthcare professional specializing in prenatal care, labor, delivery, and postpartum care.

A tear in the vaginal opening or perineum during childbirth.

A surgical incision made in the perineum to widen the vaginal opening.

The hormone that aids in uterine contractions and breastfeeding, promoting bonding between mother and baby.

Identical twins, though genetically identical, may increasingly differ in gene expression with age, driven by varying environmental experiences and lifestyle choices, resulting in distinct characteristics and susceptibilities to diseases.

The first trimester of pregnancy, from weeks 1 to 12, is the most critical period for fetal development, as the foundation for all major organs and systems is laid.

Approximately 10% of birth defects are attributed to prenatal exposure to teratogens.

Alcohol, particularly during the second month of pregnancy, can lead to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), affecting neurocognitive function and behavior.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) encompass a range of conditions caused by prenatal alcohol exposure, with varying degrees of severity and symptoms.

There is no safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, with binge drinking posing a particularly high risk to the fetus.

Nicotine, the primary substance in tobacco smoke, crosses the placenta and constricts blood vessels, depriving the fetus of oxygen and hindering growth.

Smoking during pregnancy is associated with a range of adverse outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm delivery, and increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

Prescription, over-the-counter, and recreational drugs can have teratogenic effects, potentially affecting the fetus's development and leading to birth defects.

Environmental chemicals, such as lead, mercury, and certain herbicides, can pose risks to the developing fetus, potentially impacting growth and neurological development.

Lead poisoning, often associated with older housing, can affect fetal growth and neurological development, highlighting the importance of environmental safety during pregnancy.

Radiation exposure, while it should be minimized during pregnancy, can pose potential risks to the developing baby, emphasizing the need for precautions.

Prenatal care plays a crucial role in ensuring the health of both the mother and the developing baby, especially during the critical first trimester.

Teratogen-caused birth defects are potentially preventable through responsible lifestyle choices, awareness of teratogens, and access to quality prenatal care.

The process of the baby's head emerging from the vagina, marked by the appearance of the head between the mother's labia.

The second stage of labor characterized by pushing and the baby's delivery. This stage can range from minutes to hours depending on the individual labor processes.

A method of delivering a baby using forceps, which are instruments used by doctors to grasp the baby's head and pull it out.

A method of delivering a baby using a suction cup attached to the baby's head. The suction creates a vacuum, allowing the doctor to gently pull the baby out.

A surgical procedure for delivering a baby through an incision in the mother's abdomen. This is often done when a vaginal birth would be too risky for the mother or baby.

The third stage of labor, where the placenta is delivered after the baby is born.

A birth center that is not part of a hospital, providing an alternative birthing environment for low-risk pregnancies.

A method of childbirth where the mother gives birth in water, often used in birth centers or at home.

A birth that occurs without any medical interventions, such as pain medication or surgical procedures.

A procedure where the mother is given an injection of a synthetic hormone, oxytocin, to help induce or augment labor.

A type of anesthesia that numbs the lower half of the body, often used during labor to manage pain.

The death of a baby before birth.

The death of a baby within the first 28 days of life.