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What defines the primary immune response?

  • It produces IgG antibodies primarily.
  • It is slow and short-lived. (correct)
  • It is dependent on T cells for antibody production.
  • It is fast and powerful.

    • Which immunoglobulin is associated with maternal antibody transfer to neonates?

  • IgA
  • IgG (correct)
  • IgM
  • IgD

    • What role do immune response genes (Ir) play in the immune system?

  • They enhance the binding of antigens.
  • They control the capacity for antibody response. (correct)
  • They promote the production of IgA.
  • They are responsible for self-antigen recognition.

    • How does IgA contribute to mucosal immunity?

    <p>It stops colonization on mucosal surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does a child's immunity typically start to mature significantly?

    <p>5-7 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the secondary immune response?

    <p>It is characterized by a higher level of antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What antigens do B cell responses predominantly develop to in early childhood?

    <p>Most proteins and T cell dependent antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During embryonic life, what happens to self antigens?

    <p>They are eliminated through contact with lymphoid cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the skin in the body's defense mechanisms?

    <p>Acts as a physical barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of gastric acid in the immune system?

    <p>Destroys pathogens that enter the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)?

    <p>To prevent the entry of foreign pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines lymphokines?

    <p>Substances secreted by activated T Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the immune response react when confronted with an antigen?

    <p>It activates certain immune processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about interleukins is accurate?

    <p>They exert regulatory effects on other cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of glands in the skin related to pathogens?

    <p>To secrete chemicals that destroy or repel pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for cytokines acting on the cell that secretes them?

    <p>Autocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens?

    <p>They allow recognition of self-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What direct protection does the GU tract provide?

    <p>Traps pathogens for destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of cytokines in pain perception?

    <p>They regulate immune responses and can amplify pain sensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes cytokines that diffuse to distant regions of the body?

    <p>Endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of gastric acid?

    <p>Prevents nutrient absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of cytokines binding to antibodies?

    <p>They provide a stronger immune effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine type is released by monocytes and macrophages?

    <p>Monokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about cytokines?

    <p>All cytokines have distinct, non-overlapping functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response is associated with tachypnea?

    <p>Elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agents are commonly referred to as NSAIDs?

    <p>Inflammatory inhibiting agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect of using NSAIDs?

    <p>Renal impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major characteristic of COX inhibitors?

    <p>They can selectively inhibit COX-2 with fewer side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates aspirin from non-aspirin COX inhibitors?

    <p>Aspirin binds irreversibly to COX-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pain is characterized as continuous or intermittent?

    <p>Chronic pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes salicylism?

    <p>An overdose reaction to salicylates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the mechanisms by which pain management can be achieved?

    <p>Increasing brain modulation to produce endogenous opioids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications can be provided intramuscularly?

    <p>Ketorolac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect when introducing competing stimuli for pain management?

    <p>Activating the Gate Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of acetaminophen on the body?

    <p>Acts on thermoregulatory cells to lower fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition highlights the need for caution when using acetaminophen?

    <p>Hepatic dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is acetaminophen primarily excreted from the body?

    <p>In urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of acetaminophen overdose?

    <p>Severe liver toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for using acetaminophen?

    <p>Allergy to acetaminophen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is associated with acetaminophen use?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstances should acetaminophen be used cautiously during pregnancy?

    <p>Due to potential adverse effects on the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which time frame does acetaminophen typically reach peak levels after absorption?

    <p>0.5 to 2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Immune System

    • The immune system protects the body from foreign pathogens.
    • The skin and mucous membranes act as physical barriers, trapping pathogens.
    • Gastric acid destroys pathogens ingested or swallowed.
    • The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) distinguishes between self-cells and foreign cells.
    • MHC produces histocompatibility antigens (HLAs) located on the cell membrane, allowing the body to recognize self-cells.

    Types of Immune Responses

    • Primary Response: Slow and short-lived, triggered by the initial antigenic stimulus.
    • Secondary Response: Prompt, powerful, and prolonged, triggered by subsequent injection of the same antigen.
    • Antibody levels are higher, and the response lasts longer in the secondary response.

    Immune Response Genes

    • Ir Genes control the capacity of an individual to respond or not respond to an antigenic stimulus.
    • Early mechanisms of self-tolerance develop during embryonic life.
    • Immune Responses in Neonates:
      • Maternal antibodies are present for 3-6 months (IgG).
      • IgA responses develop between 5-7 years.
      • B-cell responses to most proteins and other T-cell dependent antigens develop early.
      • The responses to most polysaccharide and other T-cell independent antigens develop later.

    Humoral Immunity in Vivo Uses

    • IgM is produced in the primary response.
    • IgG is produced in the secondary response.

    Cytokines

    • Cytokines: Peptide mediators that regulate immunological, inflammatory, and reparative host cell responses.
    • Lymphokines are released by activated T lymphocytes.
    • Monokines are secreted by monocytes and macrophages.
    • Interleukins are produced by lymphocytes and regulate other cells.

    Neurophysiology of Pain

    • Pain Transduction: The process of converting a painful stimulus into a nerve impulse.
    • Pain Transmission: The conduction of pain signals along nerve fibers to the spinal cord and brain.
    • Pain Modulation: Mechanisms that modify the pain signal along its pathway.
    • Pain Perception: The conscious experience of pain in the brain.

    Types of Pain

    • Pain Threshold: The minimum intensity of a stimulus that is perceived as painful.
    • Pain Tolerance: The maximum amount of pain that an individual can endure.
    • Acute pain: Characterized by autonomic hyperactivity, including tachycardia, tachypnea, increased blood pressure, and irritability.
    • Chronic pain: Continuous or intermittent pain, with little or no autonomic hyperactivity.

    T-Helper Cells

    • T-Helper cells are produced in the bone marrow.
    • Bone marrow produces myeloid and lymphoid stem cells.
    • Lymphoid stem cells differentiate into lymphocytes.

    Pain Management

    • Stop the stimulus: Remove the source of the pain.
    • Introduce a competing stimulus (Gate Theory): Stimulate non-painful nerve fibers to block the transmission of pain signals.
    • Induce natural endorphins: Trigger the release of endogenous opioids to reduce pain.

    Pharmacological Approaches to Pain Management

    • COX Inhibitors: Drugs that inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins, substances that contribute to pain and inflammation.
      • NSAIDS (Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs): Drugs that inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2. Examples include ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac.
      • Non-inflammatory Inhibiting Agent: Inhibit COX primarily for pain relief. Example: Acetaminophen.
    • Aspirin: Irreversibly binds to COX-1, inhibiting platelet aggregation and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
    • Other COX-1 Inhibitors: Examples: Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Naproxen, Diclofenac, Ketorolac.

    Acetaminophen

    • Acts directly on the thermoregulatory cells in the hypothalamus to cause sweating and vasodilation, reducing fever.
    • Analgesic mechanisms are not fully understood.
    • Therapeutic Indications: Treatment of pain and fever associated with various conditions, including influenza.
    • Contraindications: Allergy to acetaminophen.
    • Cautions: Used with caution during pregnancy and lactation due to potential adverse effects on the fetus or neonate.
    • Adverse Effects: Headache, hemolytic anemia, renal dysfunction, skin rash, and fever.

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