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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is considered the most critical and radiosensitive target molecule in the body?
Which of the following is considered the most critical and radiosensitive target molecule in the body?
What effect does irradiation of macromolecules have when performed in vivo?
What effect does irradiation of macromolecules have when performed in vivo?
What happens during MainChain Scission?
What happens during MainChain Scission?
Which component is NOT considered an organic molecule found in the body?
Which component is NOT considered an organic molecule found in the body?
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What is the main difference between irradiation of macromolecules in vitro and in vivo?
What is the main difference between irradiation of macromolecules in vitro and in vivo?
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How does radiation interaction at the atomic level impact cells?
How does radiation interaction at the atomic level impact cells?
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There are 5 principal types of molecules found in the body: Water, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and ____?
There are 5 principal types of molecules found in the body: Water, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and ____?
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____ is the most critical and radiosensitive target molecule.
____ is the most critical and radiosensitive target molecule.
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When macromolecules are irradiated in solution in vitro, three major effects occur: Main Chain Scission, ____ , and the reduction of a long, single molecule into many smaller molecules.
When macromolecules are irradiated in solution in vitro, three major effects occur: Main Chain Scission, ____ , and the reduction of a long, single molecule into many smaller molecules.
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Radiation interaction at the atomic level results in molecular change, which can produce a cell that is deficient in terms of normal growth and ____ .
Radiation interaction at the atomic level results in molecular change, which can produce a cell that is deficient in terms of normal growth and ____ .
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When macromolecules are irradiated in vivo, within the living cell, they are considerably more ____ in their natural state.
When macromolecules are irradiated in vivo, within the living cell, they are considerably more ____ in their natural state.
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Some macromolecules have small, spur-like side structures that extend off the main chain. Other spurs as a consequence of ______.
Some macromolecules have small, spur-like side structures that extend off the main chain. Other spurs as a consequence of ______.
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Point lesions are not detectable, but they can cause a minor medication of the molecule, which in turn can cause it to malfunction within the ______.
Point lesions are not detectable, but they can cause a minor medication of the molecule, which in turn can cause it to malfunction within the ______.
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DNA is the most important molecule in the human body because it contains the genetic information for each cell. Each cell has a nucleus that contains DNA complexed with other molecules in the form of ______.
DNA is the most important molecule in the human body because it contains the genetic information for each cell. Each cell has a nucleus that contains DNA complexed with other molecules in the form of ______.
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Water is the most abundant component of protoplasm. Protoplasm contains 80–85% water. Water makes up approximately 80–85% of a person’s total body weight, and for several reasons is essential to ______.
Water is the most abundant component of protoplasm. Protoplasm contains 80–85% water. Water makes up approximately 80–85% of a person’s total body weight, and for several reasons is essential to ______.
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When an atom of the water (H2O) is irradiated, it is ionized and dissociates into two ion pairs. The final result of the radiolysis of water is the formation of ion pair, H+ and OH-, and the two free radicals (H* and ______).
When an atom of the water (H2O) is irradiated, it is ionized and dissociates into two ion pairs. The final result of the radiolysis of water is the formation of ion pair, H+ and OH-, and the two free radicals (H* and ______).
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Study Notes
Critical Molecules and Radiation Effects
- DNA is the most critical and radiosensitive target molecule in the body, containing essential genetic information.
- Water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are the five principal types of molecules found in the body.
In Vivo and In Vitro Irradiation
- Irradiation of macromolecules in vivo occurs within living cells and generally exhibits more complex interactions than in vitro irradiation.
- In vitro irradiation, conducted in a controlled environment, produces three major effects:
- Main Chain Scission
- Cross-linking
- Reduction of large molecules into smaller ones.
Main Chain Scission and Its Consequences
- Main Chain Scission refers to the breaking of the backbone of macromolecules, impacting their structural integrity.
- Radiation interactions at the atomic level can cause molecular changes that result in cells that are deficient in normal growth and function, potentially leading to cell malfunction.
Molecular Structures and Responses
- Macromolecules can develop small, spur-like side structures as a response to irradiation, changes referred to as spurs.
- Point lesions, though not detectable, can lead to minor modifications in molecules, causing malfunctions within the cell.
Water and its Role
- Water constitutes 80–85% of protoplasm and a similar percentage of total body weight, highlighting its essential role in biological processes.
- When a water molecule (H2O) is ionized by irradiation, it dissociates into two ion pairs, producing H+ and OH- ions, along with two free radicals (H* and OH*), contributing to radiation damage.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the ionization effects of radiation on atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and the whole body. Understand the molecular consequences of radiation interaction at the atomic level and its impact on normal growth and metabolism.
