Quasi-Experiments and Observational Studies

<p>Data privacy and ethical considerations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The combined effect of two or more independent variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Independent variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degree to which the results are due to the experimental manipulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Range (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It lacks randomization in group assignment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reversal design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observer biases may affect the data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recording data without presence in the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both designs involve returning to baseline conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disguised observation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide access to data that is difficult to obtain otherwise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Order effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The variable manipulated by the researcher to see its effect on another variable.

The variable measured to see if it changes as a result of the independent variable.

A variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables, potentially distorting the results.

A false positive; concluding there's an effect when there isn't.

A false negative; failing to detect an effect when there actually is one.

An experimental design with multiple independent variables (factors) tested simultaneously.

The average of a set of numbers.

Assigning participants to different groups randomly to minimize bias.

A quasi-experiment lacks the strict control of a true experiment, often due to practical limitations. It allows studying real-world situations but may be less certain about cause-and-effect relationships. True experiments use rigorous control, allowing stronger causal inferences.

A quasi-experimental design that lacks a control group and often a pre-test. This design is often too weak to establish cause-effect.

An experimental design looking intensively at one person. Often used to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention.

A single-subject design where a treatment is introduced and then removed, assessing its effect on the participant over time. Observing improvement when the treatment is applied

Observational studies systematically record behaviors without intervention. Field experiments control some variables, but the setting is natural. Lab experiments fully control the environment.

A type of observational study where the environment is not altered, and participants are unaware of observation.

Data sources already collected for other purposes (e.g., census data, medical records, old newspapers).

The degree to which an observed effect can be confidently attributed to the manipulated variable. Important in showing the intervention leads to significant changes in behaviors.