Questions and Answers
What are observational studies?
The researchers do not change anything; they just gather information. The results measure association or correlation on causation.
What do prospective studies entail?
Collect data then wait for outcomes, with key outcomes measured after exposure.
What does retrospective imply in research?
Outcome is measured before exposure.
What characterizes cross-sectional studies?
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How do case-controlled studies work?
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What does a cohort study measure?
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What are experimental studies?
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What does a positive correlation indicate?
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What does a negative correlation mean?
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What is correlation represented by?
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What is a paired comparison test?
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What is a triangle test?
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What is a quantitative descriptive test?
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What do evidence grades indicate?
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What is quantitative data?
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What does qualitative data explain?
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What is validity in research?
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What does reliability refer to?
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What is bias in research?
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What is random error associated with?
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What does sensitivity in testing refer to?
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What does specificity in testing indicate?
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What is prevalence in a medical context?
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What does incidence refer to?
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What is an odds ratio?
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What does a negative skew indicate?
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What does a positive skew indicate?
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What is descriptive research?
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What is analytic research?
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What are nominal variables?
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What is an ordinal scale?
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What does numerical discrete data refer to?
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What is numerical continuous data?
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What does standard deviation measure?
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What do P values indicate?
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What is a nasogastric tube?
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What is nasoduodenal/nasojejunal access?
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What are gastrostomy and jejunostomy tubes used for?
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What does PEG/PEJ stand for?
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What are G tubes prone to?
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What issues are associated with J tubes?
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What is post pyloric access used for?
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What are indications for J tubes?
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What does digestion and absorption depend on?
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What happens as a result of gut atrophy?
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What are transitional diets?
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What is dumping syndrome?
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What is a polymeric formula?
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What does a monomeric formula contain?
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What is a hypertonic formula?
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What characterizes small bowel syndrome?
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What are glutamine-containing formulas designed to do?
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What do added fiber formulas do?
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What are controlled CHO formulas used for?
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What is PN?
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What does central PN access involve?
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What is peripheral PN access?
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How to calculate osmolarity?
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What is the maximum glucose infusion rate (GIR)?
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What do nitrogen ratios indicate?
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What percentage of lipid calories should come from lipids?
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What is the hang time for an open system?
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What is the hang time for a closed system?
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What is refeeding syndrome?
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What is a colloid?
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What does a suspension contain?
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What is a Tyndall test used for?
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What is a foam?
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What is an emulsion?
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What is a sol?
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What is a gel?
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What are water facts associated with?
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What is the function of sugar?
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What characterizes cereals and flours?
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What are the five mother sauces?
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What are the types of pasteurization?
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What is the reference protein in nutrition?
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What influences the melting point of lipids?
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What are leavening agents?
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What problems arise in baking?
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What constitutes a standard drink?
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What governs USDA grading for fruits and vegetables?
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How is milk and dairy graded?
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Study Notes
Observational Studies
- Researchers gather information without manipulating variables; focus on association rather than causation.
Prospective Studies
- Involves collecting data and monitoring outcomes over time; often used to detect pre-symptomatic conditions, e.g., heart disease prior to cardiac events.
Retrospective Studies
- Evaluate outcomes that have already occurred before assessing exposure.
Cross-Sectional Studies
- Provide a "snapshot" of data on exposures and outcomes simultaneously, exemplified by studies like NHANES.
Case-Controlled Studies
- Begin with outcomes, then investigate past exposures by comparing affected individuals to controls.
Cohort Studies
- Measure exposure first, observing outcomes later; can be either prospective or retrospective.
Experimental Studies
- Involve manipulation of the study environment; randomized studies can infer causation, unlike non-randomized studies.
Correlation Types
- Positive correlation: both variables move in the same direction.
- Negative correlation: one variable increases while the other decreases.
- Correlation coefficient (r) ranges from -1 to +1, with 0 indicating no relationship.
Sensory Evaluation Tests
- Paired comparison test: judges assess two samples for preference.
- Triangle test: judges identify a different sample among two identical ones.
- Quantitative descriptive test: trained panelists rate samples based on sensory characteristics.
Evidence Grades
- Evidence is graded I (strong) to IV (weak/expert opinion), with V indicating insufficient evidence.
Data Types
- Quantitative data: measurable information presented in numerical form (e.g., clinical visits).
- Qualitative data: descriptive insights focused on behaviors and experiences.
Validity and Reliability
- Validity: extent to which tests measure intended outcomes (internal vs. external validity).
- Reliability: consistency of assessment tools; stable results indicate high reliability.
Errors in Measurement
- Bias: systematic error impacting accuracy and validity.
- Random error: affects precision and reliability.
Diagnostics
- Sensitivity: ability of a test to correctly identify positive cases (100% sensitivity means no false negatives).
- Specificity: ability to identify those without the disease.
Epidemiologic Metrics
- Prevalence: existing cases of a disease within a given time frame.
- Incidence: number of new cases developing over a specified period.
Statistical Analysis
- Odds ratio: measures association between dependent and independent variables.
- P-values: significance threshold; P≤0.05 indicates statistical significance.
Nutritional Support
- Nasogastric tubes and nasoduodenal/nasojejunum tubes are short-term feeding options.
- Gastrostomy and jejunostomy provide long-term access when oral function is inadequate.
Feeding Formulas
- Polymetric formulas include whole proteins and complex carbohydrates.
- Monomeric formulas consist of hydrolyzed proteins for easier absorption.
- Glutamine-containing formulas enhance recovery during stress phases.
Parenteral Nutrition (PN)
- Used in cases of intestinal failure with different access methods: central and peripheral.
- Glucose infusion rate (max: 5 mg/kg/min) and nitrogen ratios vary by patient condition.
Lipid Administration
- Must balance caloric needs with lipid intake; recommended limits for critically ill patients.
Food Science
- Key components of sauces: five mother sauces crucial in culinary applications.
- Pasteurization methods vary in temperature and time, affecting food safety.
Baking Essentials
- Overmixing and undermixing can significantly affect baked goods' texture and volume.
Alcohol Guidelines
- Defined measures for different alcoholic beverages in standard servings.
USDA Grading
- Voluntary grading system assesses fruits and vegetables on defects and quality.
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Description
This quiz covers various types of epidemiological studies, including observational and experimental methods. It delves into details such as prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies, helping you understand their unique characteristics and applications. Test your knowledge of how these methods are used to gather data and determine correlations in health research.