Qualitative Research Methods Quiz
41 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a potential drawback of participant observation in research?

  • It provides instant quantitative results.
  • It may lead to reactivity if participants are aware of being observed. (correct)
  • It ensures complete accuracy in data collection.
  • It eliminates biases associated with subjective observation.

What type of notes document researchers' personal experiences and reflections during observational research?

  • Field notes
  • Interpretive notes
  • Reflective notes (correct)
  • Descriptive notes

Which challenge is associated with qualitative analysis?

  • It has a universal set of rules for analysis.
  • Condensing rich narrative data into concise reports is difficult. (correct)
  • It is based solely on numerical data.
  • Identifying patterns requires minimal creativity.

What is the primary focus of qualitative analysis?

<p>Identifying patterns and meanings in non-numerical data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What skill is essential for a qualitative analyst during data analysis?

<p>Skill in identifying and integrating patterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in Spradley's 12-step method for ethnographic analysis?

<p>Locate informant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of data organization, which method involves the use of technology?

<p>Computerized methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step involves breaking down narrative data into smaller units during content analysis?

<p>Break down data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of componential analysis in Spradley's method?

<p>To discover cultural themes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of data organization mentioned?

<p>Analytical methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of descriptive phenomenology?

<p>Describing conscious experiences in everyday life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is primarily associated with descriptive phenomenology?

<p>Edmund Husserl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phase of 'bracketing' in descriptive phenomenology entail?

<p>Identifying and setting aside preconceived beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interpretive phenomenology is primarily based on which philosophical approach?

<p>Hermeneutics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of interpretive phenomenology as highlighted in the content?

<p>It seeks to understand the meanings behind lived experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic describes how qualitative research designs can adapt during the research process?

<p>They are flexible and adjustable during data collection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of ethnographic research?

<p>Describing and interpreting culture and cultural behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of perspective does ethnographic research seek to provide?

<p>Emic perspective (insider view) of culture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'triangulating data collection strategies' refer to in qualitative research?

<p>Incorporating various data collection methods for better accuracy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of qualitative research tradition mentioned?

<p>Experimental design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is central to ethnographic research?

<p>Cultural artifacts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, why is it important for researchers to be reflexive?

<p>To critically assess their involvement and influence on the research. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of information does ethnography typically analyze?

<p>Cultural behavior, cultural artifacts, and cultural speech. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of selecting participants in grounded theory research?

<p>To contribute to the emerging theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of unstructured interviews in qualitative self-report techniques?

<p>They are highly flexible and conversational (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does data collection typically change during the progression of a qualitative study?

<p>It may incorporate new methods of collection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a self-report technique used in qualitative research?

<p>Observation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical sample size for participants in grounded theory studies?

<p>20 to 30 participants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of qualitative observation methods?

<p>To understand behaviors in naturalistic settings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique involves participants taking photos to express their experiences?

<p>Photo elicitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of focus group interviews?

<p>They involve small groups guided by a moderator. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Lincoln and Guba’s framework?

<p>Trustworthiness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which criterion refers to the stability of data over time?

<p>Dependability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does confirmability aim to ensure in qualitative research?

<p>The potential for congruence between independent perspectives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy enhances the quality of qualitative research through the use of various methods?

<p>Data triangulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does transferability refer to in Lincoln and Guba's trustworthiness criteria?

<p>The extent to which qualitative findings can be applied to different settings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following criteria is analogous to internal validity in quantitative research?

<p>Credibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prolonged engagement is a strategy used to enhance which aspect of qualitative research?

<p>Trustworthiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect does authenticity refer to in the context of trustworthiness?

<p>The portrayal of participants' lived experiences by researchers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of member checking in qualitative research?

<p>To verify participants' contributions and interpretations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes reflexivity strategies in qualitative research?

<p>Documenting the researcher's personal experiences and biases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ethnography

A qualitative research approach that aims to understand and interpret the culture of a specific group or community. It involves extensive fieldwork and participant observation.

Phenomenology

A qualitative research approach that explores the lived experiences of individuals. It seeks to understand the essence of a phenomenon from the perspective of those who have experienced it.

Grounded theory

A qualitative research approach that develops a theory grounded in data. It involves a systematic process of collecting, coding, and analyzing data to generate theoretical concepts.

Participant observation

A qualitative data collection strategy that involves the researcher participating in the activities and settings under study.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Emergent

A qualitative research characteristic that emphasizes flexibility and adaptability during data collection. The design can be modified based on emerging insights and new information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Triangulation

A qualitative research characteristic that involves integrating data from multiple sources, such as interviews, observations, and documents.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Holistic

A qualitative research characteristic that focuses on understanding the whole picture, rather than just isolated parts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Researcher reflexivity

A qualitative research characteristic that emphasizes researcher involvement and reflexivity. Researchers acknowledge their own biases and perspectives, and how they influence the research process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Descriptive Phenomenology

A type of phenomenology that describes human conscious experience and everyday life by focusing on its immediate meaning and how it is perceived.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bracketing

A technique used in descriptive phenomenology to identify and set aside prior beliefs and opinions about a phenomenon before studying it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interpretive Phenomenology

A type of phenomenology that interprets the meaning of lived experiences based on a deeper understanding of the human condition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hermeneutics

An interpretive method of understanding based on the philosophy of Heidegger, it emphasizes the understanding of lived experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Field Notes

A method for recording data during participant observation, including detailed descriptions of events, conversations, and personal reflections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Qualitative Analysis

The use of non-numerical data like words and observations to uncover patterns, themes, and meaning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Challenges in Qualitative Analysis

Challenges in qualitative analysis include the lack of standardized methods, the immense volume of data, the need for creativity in pattern identification, and the challenge of condensing rich data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reactivity

A potential bias in observational research where participants act differently because they are aware of being observed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Theoretical Sampling

A research method where the researcher selects participants who can provide unique insights and contribute to the development of a theory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Participants Have Lived Experience

The participants in a qualitative study have firsthand experience with the phenomenon of interest.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sampling Artistic or Literary Sources

Gathering data from multiple sources, like interviews, observations, documents, and even artwork, to get a well-rounded understanding of the phenomenon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Collection Methods Evolve

In qualitative research, the data collection methods can change as the study progresses, guided by the emerging understanding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interviews in Qualitative Research

A key data collection method in qualitative research, involving conversations that allow the participants to share their personal experiences and perspectives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coding in Qualitative Research

A data analysis technique that involves identifying key concepts or themes that emerge repeatedly from the data.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unstructured Interview

A type of interview that uses open-ended questions and allows the conversation to flow naturally, without a rigid structure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Observational Methods in Qualitative Research

A data collection method where researchers systematically observe and record people's behaviors and interactions in their natural settings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Content Analysis

A systematic process of analyzing and interpreting data to identify themes, patterns, and meanings within a narrative text.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ethnographic Analysis

A research method that involves observing and documenting the behaviors, interactions, and cultural practices of a specific group or community.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Domain Analysis

The first level of analysis in Spradley's 12-step method for ethnographic analysis, where descriptive data is categorized into broad domains.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Taxonomic Analysis

The second level of analysis in Spradley's 12-step method, where domains are further divided into subcategories based on shared characteristics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Componential Analysis

The third level of analysis in Spradley's 12-step method, where components within a category are contrasted to reveal their distinct features and meanings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Theme Analysis

The fourth level of analysis in Spradley's 12-step method, where cultural themes are identified based on the analysis of individual components.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research

The concept that qualitative research should be reliable, trustworthy, and credible. It ensures findings are accurate and reflect participants' experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Credibility

A core criterion in assessing qualitative research, credibility verifies that data and its interpretation accurately reflect the lived experiences of participants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dependability

Another key criterion, dependability assesses the consistency and stability of the data over time and across researchers, ensuring findings are not random or fluctuating.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Confirmability

This criterion examines the objectivity and congruence of data obtained from multiple sources or researchers, minimizing bias and ensuring findings are not researcher-driven.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Transferability

The ability to transfer findings from one context to other similar settings or groups. Assess if the study resonates with similar contexts or populations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Authenticity

Reflects the extent to which research realistically and authentically captures the lived experiences and emotions of participants, conveying their perspectives and emotions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Strategies to Enhance Quality

Strategies to enhance the quality of qualitative research include: prolonged engagement, persistent observation, reflexivity, audit trails, member checking, and data triangulation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Triangulation

The use of multiple sources of data (interviews, observations, documents) to validate conclusions and create a more comprehensive understanding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Method Triangulation

Using multiple methods of data collection - like interviews, observations, or surveys - to explore the same phenomenon from different perspectives.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Audit Trail

A detailed record of the research process, including data collection methods, analysis techniques, and any changes made during the study. Allows for transparency and accountability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Qualitative Research Overview

  • Qualitative research designs and approaches vary
  • Analysis of qualitative data is crucial
  • Trustworthiness and integrity in qualitative treatment is important

Characteristics of Qualitative Research Design

  • Emergent design: flexible and adjustable data collection as study progresses
  • Triangulating data collection strategies: involving multiple methods to gather data from different perspectives
  • Holistic perspective: understanding the whole phenomenon, not just isolated parts
  • Intensive researcher involvement and reflexivity: researcher is deeply involved, acknowledging their personal perspective and biases
  • Ongoing data analysis: continuous analysis to direct subsequent strategies

Qualitative Research Traditions

  • Ethnography: detailed study of a culture, using extensive fieldwork to understand behavior and experience
    • Understanding the emic (insider) perspective of the culture
    • Employing multiple data sources, including cultural behavior, artifacts, and speech
    • Importance of participant observation
  • Phenomenology: Understanding people's everyday life experiences
    • Two types: descriptive and interpretive
      • Descriptive: based on Husserl's work, focusing on the description of lived experience and what it's like to be that person
      • Interpretive: based on Heidegger's work, focusing on the meaning of experience and interpreting the nature of existence
    • Emphasizes lived experiences
    • Recognizes physical ties to the world
  • Grounded Theory: developing theory from data
    • Based on the work of Glaser and Strauss, and Charmaz
    • Focuses on understanding social interactions and actions
    • Data collection and analysis occur simultaneously
    • Uses in-depth interviews (20-30 people) and other data sources (observations and documents)
  • Descriptive Qualitative Studies: a mix of different designs and methods; holistically describes phenomena as perceived by people who experience them; often involve content analysis of narrative data to identify themes and patterns

Other Qualitative Research

  • Case studies: focus on description and explanation of individuals, families, groups, organizations, or communities studied over an extended period
  • Narrative analysis: analyzing stories people tell about their experiences (numerous approaches to analyzing texts)
  • Feminist research: focuses specifically on how gender domination and discrimination shape women's lives and consciousness
  • Participatory action research (PAR): produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups or communities vulnerable to control or oppression

Sampling in Qualitative Research

  • Sample quality is important: information-rich data sources are selected
  • Goal: discovering meaning and uncovering multiple realities instead of generalizing to a population
  • Representativeness is not a key issue
  • Random selection is not considered productive

Types of Qualitative Sampling

  • Convenience sampling (volunteer): practical approach but not preferred
  • Snowball sampling (network): sample might be restricted to small network of acquaintances
  • Purposive sampling: researchers intentionally choose the best cases to maximize contribution to the study
  • Theoretical sampling: decisions about where to find data to develop emerging theory optimally

Sample Size in Qualitative Research

  • No explicit, formal criteria but determined by informational needs
  • Decisions to stop sampling are guided by data saturation
  • Data quality affects sample size

Sampling in Specific Research Methods

  • Ethnography: mingling with many members, informal conversations with 25-50 informants, or multiple interviews with key informants; sampling of things as well as people
  • Phenomenology: small samples (often 10 or fewer); participants who have experienced phenomenon of interest and articulate their experience; may sample artistic or literary sources
  • Grounded theory: typically involves samples of 20-30 people

Data Collection in Qualitative Studies

  • Methods may change as the study progresses
  • Common methods include self-report and observation

Qualitative Self-Report Techniques

  • Unstructured interviews: conversational and flexible, using grand tour questions
  • Semi-structured interviews: use of a topic guide
  • Focus group interviews: small groups (5-10 people) led by a moderator
  • Diaries: historical details, records of everyday life
  • Photo elicitation: interview stimulated and guided by photographic images; photovoice allows participants to take and interpret photos

Unstructured Observational Methods

  • Aim: understanding behaviors and experiences in naturalistic settings
  • Excellent method for capturing many clinical phenomena and behaviors
  • Potential problem of reactivity: when participants know they are observed
  • Risk of observational biases

Recording Observations

  • Log or field diary: Daily record of events, conversations
  • Field notes: detailed descriptive notes of events, conversations (objective); reflective notes (documenting personal experiences, biases, etc.)

Analysis of Qualitative Data

  • Qualitative analysis: understanding, describing, and interpreting non-numerical data (words, stories, observations)
  • Identifying patterns, themes, and meanings
  • Skill in identifying and integrating patterns
  • Requires skill in analyzing data and integrating findings

Qualitative Analysis Challenges

  • No universal rules: multiple ways of analyzing
  • Voluminous data: intensive work is needed
  • Strong inductive powers and creativity needed
  • Condensing data to concise reports is necessary

Data Management

  • Developing a coding scheme
  • Coding the data
  • Identifying themes
  • Interpreting the data
  • Reporting findings

Data Organization

  • Manual methods
  • Computerized methods

Content Analysis

  • Analyze the content of narrative data to identify themes and patterns
  • Break down data into smaller units
  • Code and name units according to content
  • Group coded material by shared content
  • Identifying prominent themes in data

Ethnographic Analysis (Spradley's 12-Step Method)

  • Steps to analyze data collected through ethnographic observation
  • Includes locating and interviewing an informant; making and analyzing recordings; following steps to identify cultural themes, etc.

Phenomenological Analysis

  • Three schools of phenomenology: Duquesne, Utrecht, Heideggerian
  • Each school has a slightly different approach and methodology which the students can study

Van Manen's Phenomenological Method

  • Specific methods to study lived experience

Grounded Theory Analysis

  • Three analytic approaches (Glaser, Strauss, and Charmaz)
  • Purpose of grounded theory: understanding a central concern or core variable

Trustworthiness and Integrity in Qualitative Treatment

  • Debate about rigor and validity in qualitative research
  • Proliferation and confusion about terminology
  • Lincoln and Guba's framework: focused on trustworthiness, encompassing credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability
  • Criteria for trustworthiness: credibility, dependability, confirmability, transferability, and authenticity

Strategies to Enhance Quality in Qualitative Research

  • Strategies to improve quality of qualitative research: prolonged engagement, persistent observation, comprehensive and vivid information recording, audit trail, member checking, and data triangulation

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Qualitative Research PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on qualitative research methods and analysis techniques. This quiz covers important aspects such as participant observation, qualitative analysis challenges, and key steps in ethnographic methods. Perfect for students studying qualitative research in social sciences.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser