Qualitative Research Methods Overview
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Questions and Answers

The first step in conducting qualitative research is to define the ______.

problem

In qualitative research, the ______ framework helps guide the study and provides a lens for understanding data.

theoretical

Participants are ______ selected based on specific criteria relevant to the research study.

purposefully

The ______ analysis method is used to group large amounts of text into codes and summarize into categories.

<p>content</p> Signup and view all the answers

The voice of the participant is central in the ______ perspectives of qualitative research.

<p>phenomenological</p> Signup and view all the answers

George Herbert Mead emphasized the importance of ______ and language in creating shared meanings.

<p>gestures</p> Signup and view all the answers

In research designs, a case study allows for an in-depth exploration of a specific ______ or individual.

<p>instance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ analysis focuses on how language is used in cultural and societal contexts.

<p>discourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative researchers often use the ______ method to record behavior at specific intervals.

<p>interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ theory is developed based on the data collected during the research process.

<p>grounded</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ effect describes how responses can be influenced by prior impressions.

<p>halo</p> Signup and view all the answers

In mixed methods research, ______ methods design involves collecting quantitative and qualitative data at essentially the same time.

<p>concurrent</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ technique is used to reach group consensus through individual feedback.

<p>Delphi</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ rate is the percentage of contacted individuals who are eligible for the survey.

<p>eligibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the PAR framework, the research process revolves around an ______ approach that emphasizes action and engagement.

<p>action-oriented</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interviewer ______ occurs when personal opinions overshadow the respondent's answers.

<p>bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

One limitation of mixed methods research is the complexity of ______ and analysis decisions.

<p>sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

PAR aims to co-generate knowledge with ______ to ensure practical outcomes.

<p>participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ rate measures the number of completed surveys out of eligible participants.

<p>response</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the challenges in knowledge translation is the lack of access to ______ evidence.

<p>research</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thematic analysis involves grouping data by _______.

<p>similarities</p> Signup and view all the answers

One drawback of thematic analysis is that it can be very _______.

<p>time consuming</p> Signup and view all the answers

Grounded theory builds _______ from data rather than preconceived ideas.

<p>theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) focuses on personal _______ of significant events.

<p>experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Data gathering methods include interviews, observations, and _______ analysis.

<p>document</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reactivity can occur due to participants being aware of being _______.

<p>studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

Internal consistency refers to the _______ of data within a study.

<p>coherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ecological validity emphasizes the authenticity and _______ of a study.

<p>trustworthiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mail surveys offer advantages such as no interview bias and wide _______ reach.

<p>geographical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Closed-ended questions provide _______ answers like Yes/No.

<p>fixed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Open-ended questions encourage creativity and allow for _______ responses.

<p>detailed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Likert scales measure attitudes along a _______.

<p>continuum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Grounded theory requires a minimal prior _______ of the subject.

<p>knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

The powerful are often heard more due to their _______.

<p>position</p> Signup and view all the answers

A common disadvantage of mail surveys is the lack of _______.

<p>flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Central Tendency

Staying in the middle of a scale, avoiding extremes, motivated by wanting room for improvement.

Halo Effect

Responses influenced by previous impressions, for example, rating all aspects of a person positively due to one favorable trait.

Proximity Errors

Adjacent items on a scale are treated as similar, confusing concepts

Observer Bias

Personal prejudices or stereotypes impacting responses.

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Eligibility rate

Percentage of contacted individuals eligible for a survey.

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Response Rate

Completed surveys over eligible participants.

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Interviewer Bias

Interviewer's personal opinions influencing respondent answers.

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Mixed Methods Research

Research combining both quantitative and qualitative data collection for broader insights.

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Delphi Technique

Reaching group consensus by collecting feedback from each person.

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PAR (Participatory Action Research)

Research involving participants in all phases and focused on generating practical outcomes for participants.

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Qualitative Research Steps

A process of investigating phenomena through observations, interviews, and textual analyses to understand experiences and social contexts.

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Phenomenological Perspective

Understanding how individuals experience and make sense of the world.

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Symbolic Interactionism

Examines how shared meanings are created through social interactions.

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Case Study Research Design

In-depth exploration of a single case or individual to understand a specific phenomenon.

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Grounded Theory Research Design

Developing a theory from data collected through observations and interviews.

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Content Analysis Data Analysis

Method for evaluating patterns in text or images, using codes to summarize content.

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Narrative Analysis

Analyzing stories' structure to understand how individuals perceive the world.

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Participant Observation

Research method involving the researcher immersing themselves in the natural environment to understand the social context

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Tallying

Method to record behavior frequency by counting occurrences of a specific action.

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Interval recording

Method that records behavior at predefined time intervals, used to measure durations of behaviors

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Reactivity in qualitative research

Participants altering their behavior due to awareness of being observed.

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Evaluation Apprehension

Concern about being judged or perceived poorly.

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Social Desirability

Presenting behaviors that are socially acceptable.

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Attention Regulation

Changing behavior due to self-awareness of being observed.

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Internal Consistency

The coherence of data within a study.

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External Consistency

Verifying data through multiple sources.

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Ecological Validity

Authenticity and trustworthiness of a study, ensuring real-world representation.

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Credibility

How accurately subjects and settings are described.

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Transferability

How applicable the findings are to similar contexts.

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Dependability

Clear documentation of changes during a study.

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Confirmability

Verification of findings by others via an audit trail.

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Thematic Analysis

Finding patterns of meaning in large datasets.

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Grounded Theory

Qualitative method creating new theories from data.

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Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)

Focusing on personal experiences of significant events.

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Closed-Ended Questions

Survey questions with fixed answer choices.

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Open-Ended Questions

Survey questions allowing free-response answers.

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Study Notes

Qualitative Research Methods

  • Research Process: Qualitative research involves a series of steps: defining the problem, establishing the theoretical framework, creating research questions, selecting a study design, choosing participants, piloting the study, entering the research setting, collecting data, analyzing data, and generating a report of findings.

Qualitative Research Perspectives

  • Phenomenology: Focuses on understanding people's experiences of the world.
  • Symbolic Interactionism: Examines how shared meanings are created through interactions and symbols.
  • Critical Theory: Critiques societal structures to address oppression and promote equality.

Key Social Theorists

  • Max Weber: Pioneered modern social science, emphasizing understanding experiences from participants' perspectives while avoiding researcher biases.
  • George Herbert Mead: Examined how individuals create and understand their lives through interaction with others, highlighting the role of gestures and language.
  • Karl Marx: A critical theorist who aimed to critique and transform society.

Qualitative Research Designs

  • Case Studies: Detailed exploration of a specific individual or instance.
  • Phenomenology: Studies participants' lived experiences.
  • Grounded Theory: Develops theories from collected data.
  • Ethnography: Explores cultural practices and settings.
  • Historical Analysis: Investigates past events.
  • Content Analysis: Examines language and communication patterns.
  • Discourse Analysis: Analyzes contexts of conversations and speeches, considering history, culture, and power dynamics.
  • Narrative Analysis: Examines how people's stories reveal their worldviews.
  • Thematic Analysis: Identifies patterns within large datasets by grouping similar themes.
  • Grounded Theory: Develops new theories from data, analyzing it iteratively to refine theories.
  • Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA): Focuses on individual experiences, analyzing them deeply without simplification.

Data Collection Methods

  • Narrative: Continuous recording of observed events.
  • Tallying: Counting the frequency of specific behaviors.
  • Interval Method: Recording behavior at specific times.
  • Duration Method: Recording the duration of specific behaviors.
  • Interviews: Gather in-depth information.
  • Observations: Observe subjects in their environments.
  • Document Analysis: Analyze written materials.

Data Analysis Methods

  • Content Analysis: Evaluates patterns in content, often grouping text into codes, categories, and frequencies.
  • Narrative Analysis: Analyzing stories to understand individuals' perspectives.
  • Thematic Analysis: Finding patterns or themes in large datasets.
  • Grounded Theory: Developing theories based on analyzed data.
  • Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA): Analyzing individual experiences.

Key Criteria for Qualitative Research Evaluation (Trustworthiness)

  • Credibility: Accurate description of subjects and settings.
  • Transferability: Findings applicability to other contexts.
  • Dependability: Clear documentation of changes during the study.
  • Confirmability: Verification by others through an audit trail.

Reactivity in Qualitative Research

  • Definition: Participants alter behavior due to awareness of being studied.
  • Causes: Evaluation apprehension, social desirability, attention regulation.
  • Reduction Methods: Deception, reducing obtrusiveness, concealment.

Data Reliability and Validity

  • Internal Consistency: Coherence within the study, i.e., pieces fitting together for a complete picture.
  • External Consistency: Verification through cross-checking with multiple sources.
  • Increased Reliability: Checking coding consistency across observers, comparing data from different contexts, and reassessing observations over time.
  • Ecological Validity: Demonstrating the authenticity and trustworthiness of study by matching researcher descriptions closely with participants' perspectives, minimizing researcher interference.

Research Dilemmas

  • Deception: Avoiding covert research and maintaining confidentiality is crucial.
  • Involvement with Deviants: Ensuring unbiased evaluations by including diverse perspectives while acknowledging potential power imbalances.
  • Hierarchy of Credibility: Researchers must account for participant power differences and avoid bias.

Data Gathering Methods (Qualitative)

  • Surveys (various formats): Web-based, mail, interviews (phone, personal), focus groups, Delphi technique.
  • Advantages & Disadvantages: These methods offer different degrees of respondent flexibility, cost, and access but have associated limitations.

Survey Design

  • Descriptive Designs: Focus on group characteristics; cross-sectional (snapshot), longitudinal (over time), group comparison (not necessarily time-dependent).
  • Analytical Designs: Analyze relationships between variables; cross-sectional, case-control (one-to-one), prospective (predicting future outcomes).
  • Question Types: Closed-ended (e.g., yes/no) and open-ended questions (e.g., open response) have their pros and cons.
  • Ranking Scales: Numeral, checklist, forced choice, ranking.
  • Specific Scales: Likert, semantic differential.

Data Errors and Bias in Surveys

  • Rating Errors: Leniency (overly generous rating), central tendency (avoiding extremes), halo effect (previous impressions influencing ratings), proximity errors (treating adjacent items similarly), observer bias (personal influence).
  • Rates of Return: Factors influencing a survey's success, such as eligibility, location, response, contact, non-contact, non-response rates, etc.

Interviews

  • Personal Interviews: Detailed interaction, flexibility, higher response rates.
  • Telephone Interviews: Cost-effective, faster, wider coverage, anonymity.
  • Focus Group Discussions: Semi-structured interview, stimulating group discussion with a researcher.
  • Delphi Technique: Group consensus for complex judgments, utilizing feedback from individuals.
  • Bias in Interviews: Interviewer bias, unintentional errors, intentional errors.

Mixed Methods Research

  • Implementation Sequence: Concurrently (qualitative/quantitative data collected simultaneously), sequentially (two distinct phases of data collection).
  • Exploratory Sequential Design: Quantitative data in one phase; qualitative informs second phase.
  • Benefits and Limitations: Balanced strengths, deeper insights, complexities in diverse researcher collaboration, analysis, and publication.

Participatory Action Research (PAR)

  • Emergence: Response to distrust of traditional research.
  • Aims: Co-generating knowledge with participants, positive social change.
  • Defining Features: Participatory (involves participants), action-oriented (focus on change), research-focused (understanding social process through research).
  • Process Frameworks: Action research spiral, 5-phase PAR approach.
  • Role of Theory: Guides or informs, provides interpretive frameworks, or emerges from practice.
  • Challenges: Maintaining trust, ensuring collaborative contributions, identifying appropriate action.

Knowledge Translation (KT)

  • Importance: Research becomes actionable; closing the gap between evidence and practice.
  • Barriers: Lack of time, resources, availability of evidence and knowledge, accessibility of evidence.
  • Addressing Barriers: Define knowledge translation, identify audience, recognize barriers to knowledge use, develop practical strategies, implement KT strategies.

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Description

Explore the key aspects of qualitative research methods including the research process, different theoretical perspectives such as phenomenology and symbolic interactionism, and the contributions of key social theorists like Max Weber and George Herbert Mead. This quiz will test your understanding of qualitative methodologies and their applications in social research.

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