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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of the __init__ method in a class definition?
What is the concept of showing only essential features to the outside world called?
What is the purpose of the super() function?
What is the term for an object taking on multiple forms?
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What is the purpose of getter and setter methods?
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What is the term for hiding implementation details from the outside world?
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What are special methods used for in Python?
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What is the term for one class building upon another class?
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In Python, what does the self parameter refer to in a method?
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What is the primary purpose of attributes in a class?
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What is the mechanism by which a subclass inherits attributes and methods from a superclass?
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What is the purpose of private attributes in Python?
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What is the result of method overriding in a subclass?
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What is the purpose of abstract classes in Python?
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What is the primary advantage of using encapsulation in OOP?
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What is the benefit of using inheritance in OOP?
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Study Notes
Object-Oriented Programming in Python
Classes and Objects
- A class is a blueprint for creating objects
- An object is an instance of a class
- Classes define attributes (data) and methods (functions)
Class Syntax
- Define a class using the
classkeyword - Class name should start with a capital letter (e.g.,
Dog) - Class definition should include the
__init__method (initializer)
Attributes
- Instance variables (attributes) are defined inside the
__init__method - Access attributes using dot notation (e.g.,
my_dog.name)
Methods
- Instance methods are functions defined inside the class
- Methods operate on the object's attributes
- Use
selfas the first parameter to refer to the object
Inheritance
- Inheritance allows one class to build upon another class
- The child class inherits attributes and methods from the parent class
- Use the
super()function to access the parent class
Polymorphism
- Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on multiple forms
- In Python, polymorphism is achieved through method overriding
- Method overriding allows a child class to provide a different implementation of a method already defined in the parent class
Encapsulation
- Encapsulation is the concept of hiding implementation details from the outside world
- In Python, encapsulation is achieved through the use of private variables (prefixed with double underscore
__) - Use getter and setter methods to access and modify private variables
Abstraction
- Abstraction is the concept of showing only essential features to the outside world
- In Python, abstraction is achieved through the use of abstract classes and interfaces
- Abstract classes provide a blueprint for other classes to follow
Special Methods
- Special methods are used to override built-in Python operators and functions
- Examples:
__str__,__repr__,__add__,__len__ - Use special methods to create a more intuitive and user-friendly interface for your objects
Object-Oriented Programming in Python
Classes and Objects
- A class serves as a blueprint for creating objects, which are instances of the class.
- Classes define two essential components: attributes (data) and methods (functions).
Class Syntax
- The
classkeyword is used to define a class. - Class names should start with a capital letter, following the convention (e.g.,
Dog). - The
__init__method, also known as the initializer, must be included in the class definition.
Attributes
- Instance variables, also known as attributes, are defined inside the
__init__method. - Attributes can be accessed using dot notation, such as
my_dog.name.
Methods
- Instance methods are functions defined inside the class, operating on the object's attributes.
- The
selfparameter is used to refer to the object, and it should be the first parameter in method definitions.
Inheritance
- Inheritance allows a child class to build upon a parent class, inheriting its attributes and methods.
- The
super()function is used to access the parent class.
Polymorphism
- Polymorphism enables objects to take on multiple forms, achieved through method overriding in Python.
- Method overriding allows a child class to provide a different implementation of a method already defined in the parent class.
Encapsulation
- Encapsulation is the concept of hiding implementation details from the outside world.
- In Python, encapsulation is achieved using private variables, prefixed with double underscore
__. - Getter and setter methods are used to access and modify private variables.
Abstraction
- Abstraction is the concept of showing only essential features to the outside world.
- In Python, abstraction is achieved using abstract classes and interfaces.
- Abstract classes provide a blueprint for other classes to follow.
Special Methods
- Special methods are used to override built-in Python operators and functions, such as
__str__,__repr__,__add__, and__len__. - These methods enable the creation of a more intuitive and user-friendly interface for objects.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python
Classes and Objects
- A class is a blueprint for creating objects, defining their attributes and methods.
- An object is an instance of a class, having its own set of attributes and methods.
- Classes are defined using the
classkeyword in Python.
Class Components
Attributes
- Attributes (or data members) are the data associated with an object.
- Attributes are defined inside the
__init__method in Python. - Attributes can be accessed and modified using dot notation (e.g.,
object.attribute).
Methods
- Methods are functions that belong to a class.
- Methods are used to perform actions on an object's attributes.
- Methods are defined inside the class definition in Python.
- Methods can take arguments, including the
selfparameter, which refers to the object itself.
OOP Concepts
Inheritance
- Inheritance is a mechanism where a new class (subclass) inherits attributes and methods from an existing class (superclass).
- Inheritance is implemented using the
classkeyword followed by the superclass in parentheses in Python.
Polymorphism
- Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on multiple forms.
- Polymorphism is achieved through method overriding in Python, where a subclass provides a different implementation of a method from its superclass.
Encapsulation
- Encapsulation is the concept of hiding an object's internal state and behavior from the outside world.
- Encapsulation is achieved through the use of private attributes (prefixed with double underscore
__) and public methods in Python.
Abstraction
- Abstraction is the concept of showing only necessary information to the outside world while hiding implementation details.
- Abstraction is achieved through the use of abstract classes and interfaces in Python.
Special Methods
- Special methods (or magic methods) are used to override the behavior of built-in operators and functions.
- Examples of special methods include
__init__,__str__,__add__, etc.
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Description
Learn basics of object-oriented programming in Python, including classes, objects, and attributes. Understand class syntax, instance variables, and initializer methods.
