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Questions and Answers
According to the experiments on learned helplessness, dogs that had first been exposed to inescapable shock had ________learning an escape response when later exposed to ________ shock.
According to the experiments on learned helplessness, dogs that had first been exposed to inescapable shock had ________learning an escape response when later exposed to ________ shock.
- no difficulty; inescapable
- difficulty; inescapable
- difficulty; escapable (correct)
- no difficulty; escapable
It seemed as though these dogs had learned that there _________a contingency between their behavior and the offset of shock.
It seemed as though these dogs had learned that there _________a contingency between their behavior and the offset of shock.
- was not
- was
- is not (correct)
- is
This effect can be overcome by _________ the dogs to make an escape response.
This effect can be overcome by _________ the dogs to make an escape response.
- enticing
- encouraging
- forcing (correct)
- rewarding
Dogs that have had previous exposure to escapable shock are _________ susceptible to becoming helpless when later exposed to inescapable shock.
Dogs that have had previous exposure to escapable shock are _________ susceptible to becoming helpless when later exposed to inescapable shock.
In the context of escape behavior, when does the aversive stimulus terminate?
In the context of escape behavior, when does the aversive stimulus terminate?
When does avoidance behavior prevent the aversive stimulus from occurring?
When does avoidance behavior prevent the aversive stimulus from occurring?
Which type of behavior first learns to escape from an aversive stimulus and then to avoid it?
Which type of behavior first learns to escape from an aversive stimulus and then to avoid it?
In a shuttle avoidance procedure, what is negatively reinforced by the removal of shock?
In a shuttle avoidance procedure, what is negatively reinforced by the removal of shock?
What does the presentation of a light signify in the context of the rat's experience?
What does the presentation of a light signify in the context of the rat's experience?
In the context of escape vs. avoidance, what signifies that a shock is about to occur in relation to the rat's behavior?
In the context of escape vs. avoidance, what signifies that a shock is about to occur in relation to the rat's behavior?
What is the potential negative outcome of using punishment as a means of controlling behavior?
What is the potential negative outcome of using punishment as a means of controlling behavior?
According to the text, what is an essential characteristic of effective punishment?
According to the text, what is an essential characteristic of effective punishment?
What is the underlying mechanism mentioned in the text in relation to rats receiving shocks but still running faster towards a goal box?
What is the underlying mechanism mentioned in the text in relation to rats receiving shocks but still running faster towards a goal box?
What does the text suggest about the long-term impact of using punishment as a means of controlling behavior?
What does the text suggest about the long-term impact of using punishment as a means of controlling behavior?
Which theory is mentioned in the text to explain the temporary nature of behavior suppression through punishment?
Which theory is mentioned in the text to explain the temporary nature of behavior suppression through punishment?
What is highlighted in the text as crucial for effective learning to occur?
What is highlighted in the text as crucial for effective learning to occur?
What did participants in an experiment continue to do even after the removal of the aversive stimulus?
What did participants in an experiment continue to do even after the removal of the aversive stimulus?
According to the Avoidance Theory of Punishment, what is negatively reinforced?
According to the Avoidance Theory of Punishment, what is negatively reinforced?
What does the Premack Approach to Punishment use to punish a high probability behavior?
What does the Premack Approach to Punishment use to punish a high probability behavior?
In the Learned Helplessness experiment, what did dogs in the inescapable shock condition show no effort to do?
In the Learned Helplessness experiment, what did dogs in the inescapable shock condition show no effort to do?
What is referred to as 'learned indolence' or insensitivity?
What is referred to as 'learned indolence' or insensitivity?
According to the text, what is the most common source of neurotic behaviors?
According to the text, what is the most common source of neurotic behaviors?
What does the text suggest punishment does not directly weaken?
What does the text suggest punishment does not directly weaken?
What does the Learned Helplessness theory propose impairs the ability to learn to escape?
What does the Learned Helplessness theory propose impairs the ability to learn to escape?
What does the Premack Approach to Punishment create by using a low probability behavior?
What does the Premack Approach to Punishment create by using a low probability behavior?
What type of conditioning does Avoidance Theory of Punishment involve?
What type of conditioning does Avoidance Theory of Punishment involve?
In the context of punishment, what does ‘contingency’ refer to?
In the context of punishment, what does ‘contingency’ refer to?
Which approach uses a high probability behavior to punish a low probability behavior?
Which approach uses a high probability behavior to punish a low probability behavior?
What is the main effect of prior exposure to inescapable shock according to Learned Helplessness theory?
What is the main effect of prior exposure to inescapable shock according to Learned Helplessness theory?
What type of punishment involves removal of a stimulus following a response, leading to decreased likelihood of that response occurring again?
What type of punishment involves removal of a stimulus following a response, leading to decreased likelihood of that response occurring again?
Which type of punishment requires careful analysis to identify an effective reinforcer and can easily modify the severity of the punishment?
Which type of punishment requires careful analysis to identify an effective reinforcer and can easily modify the severity of the punishment?
What is the primary difference between intrinsic punishment and extrinsic punishment?
What is the primary difference between intrinsic punishment and extrinsic punishment?
Which type of punisher is an innate punisher, such as electric shock or intense heat?
Which type of punisher is an innate punisher, such as electric shock or intense heat?
What are the problems associated with the use of punishment according to the provided text?
What are the problems associated with the use of punishment according to the provided text?
Which procedure involves loss of access to positive reinforcers for a brief period after a problem behavior?
Which procedure involves loss of access to positive reinforcers for a brief period after a problem behavior?
What procedure does not require identification of a specific reinforcer before implementation?
What procedure does not require identification of a specific reinforcer before implementation?
According to the Two-Process Theory of Avoidance, what is involved in learning an avoidance response?
According to the Two-Process Theory of Avoidance, what is involved in learning an avoidance response?
What does the Anxiety Conservation Hypothesis suggest about the persistence of avoidance responses?
What does the Anxiety Conservation Hypothesis suggest about the persistence of avoidance responses?
What is the main problem with the Two-Process Theory of Avoidance according to the given text?
What is the main problem with the Two-Process Theory of Avoidance according to the given text?
What is the motivation behind avoidance behavior, as explained by the Two-Process Theory?
What is the motivation behind avoidance behavior, as explained by the Two-Process Theory?
What is involved in classical conditioning according to the Two-Process Theory?
What is involved in classical conditioning according to the Two-Process Theory?
How does operant conditioning contribute to avoidance behavior according to the Two-Process Theory?
How does operant conditioning contribute to avoidance behavior according to the Two-Process Theory?
What is the evidence that leads to the conclusion that avoidance responses stop when an animal completely loses its fear of the aversive conditioned stimulus?
What is the evidence that leads to the conclusion that avoidance responses stop when an animal completely loses its fear of the aversive conditioned stimulus?
What is the role of reinforcement in avoidance response according to the Two-Process Theory?
What is the role of reinforcement in avoidance response according to the Two-Process Theory?
What happens if an organism experiences little or no exposure to the aversive stimulus according to the given text?
What happens if an organism experiences little or no exposure to the aversive stimulus according to the given text?
What is suggested by the Two-Process Theory about avoidance learning and phobic behavior?
What is suggested by the Two-Process Theory about avoidance learning and phobic behavior?
What does evidence show about avoidance responses if an animal completely loses its fear of the aversive conditioned stimulus?
What does evidence show about avoidance responses if an animal completely loses its fear of the aversive conditioned stimulus?
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Study Notes
- Two-Process Theory of Avoidance explains the motivation behind avoidance behavior
- When climbing over a barrier to avoid shock, the rat is moving from one non-aversive situation to another, no aversive stimulus present
- Two-Process Theory proposes that two processes are involved in learning an avoidance response: classical conditioning and operant conditioning
- Classical conditioning involves the fear response to a conditioned stimulus (CS)
- Operant conditioning involves moving away from the CS as a negatively reinforced behavior
- Avoidance response is not reinforced by "nothing," but rather by a reduction in fear
- Problems with the Two-Process Theory include the persistence of avoidance responses and the lack of evidence of fear extinction
- Anxiety conservation hypothesis suggests that avoidance responses are persistent due to insufficient exposure to the CS for fear extinction to occur
- Evidence shows that if an animal completely loses its fear of the aversive CS, the avoidance response stops
- Avoidance learning is a fundamental process in the development and maintenance of phobic behavior, and avoidance responses are extremely resistant to extinction when the organism experiences little or no exposure to the aversive stimulus.
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