Punishment and Modeling Quiz

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Questions and Answers

According to the experiments on learned helplessness, dogs that had first been exposed to inescapable shock had learning an escape response when later exposed to shock.

no difficulty; inescapable

difficulty; inescapable

difficulty; escapable (correct)

no difficulty; escapable

It seemed as though these dogs had learned that there _________a contingency between their behavior and the offset of shock.

was not

was

is not (correct)

This effect can be overcome by _________ the dogs to make an escape response.

enticing

encouraging

forcing (correct)

rewarding

Dogs that have had previous exposure to escapable shock are _________ susceptible to becoming helpless when later exposed to inescapable shock.

less Signup and view all the answers

In the context of escape behavior, when does the aversive stimulus terminate?

After the behavior is performed Signup and view all the answers

When does avoidance behavior prevent the aversive stimulus from occurring?

Before the behavior is performed Signup and view all the answers

Which type of behavior first learns to escape from an aversive stimulus and then to avoid it?

Escape behavior Signup and view all the answers

In a shuttle avoidance procedure, what is negatively reinforced by the removal of shock?

Jumping behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does the presentation of a light signify in the context of the rat's experience?

The start of an electric shock Signup and view all the answers

In the context of escape vs. avoidance, what signifies that a shock is about to occur in relation to the rat's behavior?

The presentation of light Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential negative outcome of using punishment as a means of controlling behavior?

Increased likelihood of the individual or animal developing abusive tendencies Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is an essential characteristic of effective punishment?

Consistency and immediacy Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying mechanism mentioned in the text in relation to rats receiving shocks but still running faster towards a goal box?

Masochism Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the long-term impact of using punishment as a means of controlling behavior?

It may result in dangerous primitive behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which theory is mentioned in the text to explain the temporary nature of behavior suppression through punishment?

Conditioned Suppression Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is highlighted in the text as crucial for effective learning to occur?

Rewarding correct responses and punishing wrong responses Signup and view all the answers

What did participants in an experiment continue to do even after the removal of the aversive stimulus?

Pressing a key to avoid electric shocks Signup and view all the answers

According to the Avoidance Theory of Punishment, what is negatively reinforced?

Any behavior other than the punished behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does the Premack Approach to Punishment use to punish a high probability behavior?

Low probability behavior Signup and view all the answers

In the Learned Helplessness experiment, what did dogs in the inescapable shock condition show no effort to do?

Escape Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as 'learned indolence' or insensitivity?

Learned helplessness in reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the most common source of neurotic behaviors?

Unpredictable events Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest punishment does not directly weaken?

Behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does the Learned Helplessness theory propose impairs the ability to learn to escape?

Inescapable shock exposure Signup and view all the answers

What does the Premack Approach to Punishment create by using a low probability behavior?

'Learned indolence' Signup and view all the answers

What type of conditioning does Avoidance Theory of Punishment involve?

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

In the context of punishment, what does ‘contingency’ refer to?

Response-consequence relationship Signup and view all the answers

Which approach uses a high probability behavior to punish a low probability behavior?

Premack approach to reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of prior exposure to inescapable shock according to Learned Helplessness theory?

Impaired escape learning ability Signup and view all the answers

What type of punishment involves removal of a stimulus following a response, leading to decreased likelihood of that response occurring again?

Negative punishment Signup and view all the answers

Which type of punishment requires careful analysis to identify an effective reinforcer and can easily modify the severity of the punishment?

Response cost Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between intrinsic punishment and extrinsic punishment?

Intrinsic punishment is an inherent aspect of the behavior being punished, while extrinsic punishment is not an inherent aspect but follows the behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which type of punisher is an innate punisher, such as electric shock or intense heat?

Primary punisher Signup and view all the answers

What are the problems associated with the use of punishment according to the provided text?

It may not suppress unwanted behavior effectively Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure involves loss of access to positive reinforcers for a brief period after a problem behavior?

Time-out Signup and view all the answers

What procedure does not require identification of a specific reinforcer before implementation?

Time-out Signup and view all the answers

According to the Two-Process Theory of Avoidance, what is involved in learning an avoidance response?

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

What does the Anxiety Conservation Hypothesis suggest about the persistence of avoidance responses?

They are persistent due to insufficient exposure to the conditioned stimulus for fear extinction to occur Signup and view all the answers

What is the main problem with the Two-Process Theory of Avoidance according to the given text?

The lack of evidence of fear extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is the motivation behind avoidance behavior, as explained by the Two-Process Theory?

To move from one non-aversive situation to another Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in classical conditioning according to the Two-Process Theory?

Fear response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) Signup and view all the answers

How does operant conditioning contribute to avoidance behavior according to the Two-Process Theory?

By moving away from the conditioned stimulus as a negatively reinforced behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the evidence that leads to the conclusion that avoidance responses stop when an animal completely loses its fear of the aversive conditioned stimulus?

Experimental studies in laboratory settings Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of reinforcement in avoidance response according to the Two-Process Theory?

It is not reinforced by 'nothing,' but rather by a reduction in fear Signup and view all the answers

What happens if an organism experiences little or no exposure to the aversive stimulus according to the given text?

Avoidance responses are extremely resistant to extinction Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested by the Two-Process Theory about avoidance learning and phobic behavior?

Avoidance learning is fundamental in the development and maintenance of phobic behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does evidence show about avoidance responses if an animal completely loses its fear of the aversive conditioned stimulus?

The avoidance response persists even without fear of the aversive stimulus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Two-Process Theory of Avoidance explains the motivation behind avoidance behavior
When climbing over a barrier to avoid shock, the rat is moving from one non-aversive situation to another, no aversive stimulus present
Two-Process Theory proposes that two processes are involved in learning an avoidance response: classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Classical conditioning involves the fear response to a conditioned stimulus (CS)
Operant conditioning involves moving away from the CS as a negatively reinforced behavior
Avoidance response is not reinforced by "nothing," but rather by a reduction in fear
Problems with the Two-Process Theory include the persistence of avoidance responses and the lack of evidence of fear extinction
Anxiety conservation hypothesis suggests that avoidance responses are persistent due to insufficient exposure to the CS for fear extinction to occur
Evidence shows that if an animal completely loses its fear of the aversive CS, the avoidance response stops
Avoidance learning is a fundamental process in the development and maintenance of phobic behavior, and avoidance responses are extremely resistant to extinction when the organism experiences little or no exposure to the aversive stimulus.

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Description

Test your understanding of how punishment and modeling can influence behavior. Explore the impact of punishment and its reinforcement, and how it can be learned through modeling in different scenarios.