Reinforcement and Punishment

Which of the following is the BEST definition of reinforcement?

What differentiates positive reinforcement from negative reinforcement?

In the context of reinforcement, what is meant by an 'appetitive stimulus'?

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies positive reinforcement?

According to the principles of effective reinforcement, what factor is MOST crucial for strengthening the relationship between a target behavior and its reinforcement?

What is the primary effect of negative reinforcement on behavior?

Which scenario demonstrates negative reinforcement?

How does 'avoidance' differ from 'escape' in the context of negative reinforcement?

Which of the following correctly pairs a scenario with the type of negative reinforcement it exemplifies?

What is the key distinction between unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers?

Which of the following is an example of a generalized conditioned reinforcer?

A 42-year-old woman regularly worries about her health and often books GP appointments. She is particularly concerned about a pain in her arm, and worries that it could be a sign of something serious. She visits her GP who reassures her that all is fine. What process is exemplified here?

What is the primary purpose of punishment in behavior analysis?

What distinguishes positive punishment from negative punishment?

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies positive punishment?

What did Sajwaj et al. (1974) do to decrease life-threatening rumination in an infant?

What is 'contingent exercise' in the context of positive punishment procedures?

What is the primary focus of 'overcorrection' as a positive punishment procedure?

Which of the following best describes 'restitutional overcorrection'?

What is the effect of negative punishment on behavior?

Which scenario illustrates negative punishment?

Which of the following procedures is an example of 'response cost'?

What does 'time-out' involve as a negative punishment procedure?

Which of the following is a SIGNIFICANT drawback associated with the use of punishment?

What is a potential issue that arises when punishment is used, regarding the punisher's behavior?

According to the information provided, what is a key trend in modern behavioral treatments regarding punishment?

A three-year-old boy loves playing with his friends at nursery but starts kicking and screaming when he doesn't get what he wants. The teacher sends him to the 'thinking chair', and he behaves well for the rest of the day. Has the undesirable behavior been:

Seven-year-old girl is disruptive in class, teacher gives her a talk about how to behave, but her disruptive behavior gets worse throughout the day. Has the disruptive behavior been:

A 28-year-old man has had a bad day at work and is feeling low. He goes home and eats a large bar of chocolate and drinks four glasses of wine to help him feel less low. What is this an example of?

A researcher is training a dolphin to perform a complex trick. They start by reinforcing successive approximations of the behavior, gradually shaping it towards the desired outcome. Which of the following principles is MOST directly exemplified by this process?

A casino uses variable ratio schedules to reinforce gambling behavior. What is the PRIMARY reason why this schedule is so effective at maintaining high rates of responding, even in the absence of consistent reinforcement?

A child is consistently praised for cleaning their room. Over time, the child starts cleaning their room less frequently, even though the praise is still given. Which of the following phenomena BEST explains this decrease in behavior, assuming no other variables are at play?

Which of the following situations is the BEST example of using positive reinforcement to increase the likelihood of a child completing their homework?

What is positive punishment?

What is negative reinforcement?

Why is punishment avoided in modern day behavioural treatments?

Your friend has started offering to drive you to work, as he likes your taste in music and enjoys being the driver. What type of reinforcement is this for you?

According to the principles of behavior analysis, what is the defining characteristic of reinforcement?

Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the application of an appetitive stimulus in positive reinforcement?

According to the principles of reinforcement, what is the MOST important factor in determining the effectiveness of a reinforcer?

A teenager avoids doing chores by faking illness. The parents, to stop the (faked) complaining, allow the teenager to rest instead of doing chores. What process is maintaining the teenager's behavior?

Which of the following is the BEST example of an unconditioned reinforcer?

In the context of animal training, clicker training, paired with food, is an example of what?

Which scenario exemplifies a generalized conditioned reinforcer?

What is the technical definition of punishment in the field of behavior analysis?

A driver speeds through a red light and receives a ticket. According to the principles outlined, this scenario exemplifies what?

Which of the following is an example of contingent exercise as a positive punishment procedure?

What is the PRIMARY goal of restitutional overcorrection as a form of positive punishment?

A teenager loses their driving privileges for repeatedly staying out past curfew. This scenario illustrates what?

Which of the following describes 'response cost'?

Which of the following is MOST accurate of a 'time-out' procedure?

Which of the following is a significant drawback of using punishment as a behavior change strategy?

What potential problem can arise when using punishment, related to the punisher's behavior?

What is a key trend in modern behavioral treatments regarding the use of punishment?

A child is playing video games, which they enjoy, but their parent forces them to stop because they didn't complete their homework. What has happened?

According to the information provided, what did Skinner advocate regarding punishment?

What is the critical distinction between 'escape' and 'avoidance' in the context of negative reinforcement?

What is the MOST subtle distinction between positive punishment and negative reinforcement?

A parent nags their child to clean their room. The child eventually cleans the room so the parent stops nagging. What type of reinforcement is this for the parent?

What is the MOST accurate phrase to describe avoidance?

Fill in the blank: ___________ become effective due to relation between another reinforcer.

Select the MOST accurate example of a generalised conditioned reinforcer:

What is the difference between negative reinforcement: escape; and negative reinforcement: avoidance?

A child is given a sweet after tidying up their toys. This is an example of:

A student is misbehaving. The teacher starts ignoring them. The student stops misbehaving. What is this?

A child loses their kinder egg because they were not behaving at the supermarket. What is this an example of?

A child is behaving very well at school, so the teachers give them a sticker. This is an example of what?

Fill in the blank: Reinforcement should __________ the behaviour we want to increase.

According to the notes provided, which of these options apply?

Why is timing so important for reinforcement? What can happen if it is off?

How can behaviour be shaped by the environment?

A person has a phobia of dogs, so refuses to leave the house. What is this an example of?

A child has not done their homework, so their parents shout at them. Is this positive punishment or negative reinforcement for the parents? (Assume the parents dislike the child not doing homework)

Fill in the blank: positive reinforcement ________ probability of a behaviour

Following positive punishment procedures, what is the difference between 'restitutional' and 'positive practice'?

Identify the key principles of behaviour analysis:

What is the defining characteristic of positive reinforcement?

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates negative reinforcement?

What is the primary effect of punishment on behavior?

Which scenario below demonstrates negative punishment?

What is the key difference between 'escape' and 'avoidance' in the context of negative reinforcement?

In the context of reinforcement, what does 'appetitive stimulus' refer to?

According to the principles of effective reinforcement, what is crucial for strengthening the relationship between a target behavior and its reinforcement?

What is the MOST significant consideration regarding the use of punishment?

What distinguishes unconditioned reinforcers from conditioned reinforcers?

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned reinforcer?

A child is consistently praised for reading books. Over time, the behavior of reading increases. What process is exemplified here?

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Which of the following options is true?

A student in a class is misbehaving, so the teacher starts ignoring them and the student is no longer misbehaving. Which process is exemplified here for the student?

A child touches a hot stove and experiences pain. As a result, they learn not to touch the stove again. This is an example of:

A teenager is grounded (loses privileges) for breaking curfew. This is an example of:

A person who is scared of spiders, avoids going into the garage in case there is a spider. This is an example of:

You are trying to train a rat to press a lever. You reward the rat when it gets close to the lever. What is this an example of?

A company implements a bonus system for its employees, rewarding them for exceeding their sales targets. However, some employees start cutting corners and engaging in unethical practices to reach those targets. This is an example of what can happen when:

What is the MOST effective way to improve positive reinforcement?

Fill in the blanks: ___________ refers to removing something appetitive to __________ behaviour.

A child is behaving very well at school, so the teachers give them a sticker they can put in their sticker book. What type of reinforcer is the sticker in this scenario?

A teacher shouts at a disruptive student and the student starts behaving well for the rest of the day. What is this an example of?

A child is not completing their homework, so their parents moan at them until the child completes their homework. In this scenario, what has happened for the parents?

A person has a headache, so takes a painkiller. After taking the painkiller, their headache subsides. What is this an example of?

You are walking down the corridor and see someone you do not like, so pretend to have an urgent phonecall to avoid seeing them. What is this an example of?

You are walking down the corridor and bump into someone you do not like. Pretending to have an urgent phonecall to end the conversation so you can leave is an example of:

You get a fine for speeding. What is this an example of?

According to the principles of conditioning, what is the relationship between timing and the effectiveness of reinforcement?

A new rule is implemented at a school where if a child graffitis on school property, it will then be required to clean the entirity of the school grounds so that they are spotless. This is an example of what type of positive punishment procedure?

A new rule is implemented at a school where if a child graffitis on school property, it will then be required to repeatedly write the alphabet 100 times. This is an example of what type of positive punishment procedure?

A new rule is implemented at a school where if a child graffitis on school property, it will then be required to repeatedly draw pictures to 'practice' drawing on paper instead of walls. This is an example of what type of positive punishment procedure?

Imagine a scenario where Skinner is training pigeons, and he reinforces them with food every time they turn in a circle. Over time, the pigeons begin to turn more frequently. What principle is Skinner employing?

According to the information given, what should modern-day behavioural treatments avoid?

After a period of successful discrimination training, an experimental subject suddenly responds to a novel stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus. This is MOST likely due to what?

In a token economy in a classroom, students earn tokens for good behavior, which they can later exchange for various prizes. However, one student hoards all their tokens and prevents other students from accessing the prizes. What potential problem inherent in token economies does this scenario MOST clearly illustrate?

An individual has successfully completed aversive conditioning to stop biting their nails. The reinforcer is a painful stimulus that they administer themselves. What long-term affect would be most likely?

Which of the following statements accurately differentiates between reinforcement and reward?

What term describes a stimulus that is presented after a behavior, making the behavior more likely to occur in the future?

What is the fundamental principle underlying the use of positive reinforcement?

What factor is MOST critical for effective reinforcement?

An individual cleans their room to avoid their parent's nagging. What process is exemplified here?

What is the key element differentiating 'escape' from 'avoidance' in negative reinforcement?

If a rat presses a lever to terminate an electric shock, this is an example of...

What is the defining characteristic of conditioned reinforcers?

Which of the following accurately describes a generalized conditioned reinforcer?

Why is money considered a generalized conditioned reinforcer?

In the context of behavior analysis, what is the technical definition of punishment?

What is the defining feature of positive punishment?

Giving a speeding ticket is an example of...

What is the primary goal of 'restitutional overcorrection' as a positive punishment?

Which of the following is the MOST accurate depiction of negative punishment?

What is 'response cost' in the context of negative punishment procedures?

What does 'time-out' typically involve as a negative punishment procedure?

What is a significant ethical concern associated with the use of punishment?

According to the principles of behaviour analysis, what is the potential impact of punishment on the punisher's behavior?

Which factor is MOST crucial to consider when determining whether a consequence serves as punishment?

What is the difference between 'restitutional' and 'positive practice'?

Which of the following BEST describes contemporary trends in behavioral treatments related to punishment?

According to behavior analysis, what is the MOST significant limitation of punishment?

A child starts kicking and screaming, and gets sent to the 'thinking chair', and behaves well for the rest of the day. What process is most likely?

A student is misbehaving in class. The teacher gives them a stern look and they start behaving well for the rest of the session. What process is most likely for the teacher?

A 28 year old man has had a bad day at work, so eats a bar of chocolate and drinks four glasses of wine. Which process is exemplified here?

According to the information provided, what is a key emphasis in modern behavioral treatments?

What is an example of an appetitive stimulus?

The following scenario is an example of what? A child is behaving very well at school, so the teachers give them a sticker.

Complete the sentence: Reinforcement should __________ the behaviour we want to increase.

If timing is off when trying to reinforce a behaviour, what might happen?

Which of the following is the BEST example of avoidance?

A child is not completing their homework, so their parents shout at them until the child completes their homework. For the parents, which of the following is true?

Which type of reinforcer becomes effective due to its relation to another reinforcer?

Which of the following is the MOST accurate example of a generalised conditioned reinforcer?

Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate regarding the use of positive punishment?

Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies the procedure of escape?

In the context of positive punishment procedures, what is 'contingent exercise' MOST directly aimed at?

In the context of animal training, which scenario BEST illustrates the application of shaping?

What is the defining characteristic of reinforcement?

In the context of behavior analysis, what does 'appetitive stimulus' refer to?

A new employee is struggling with a complex data entry system. Their supervisor provides detailed, step-by-step guidance, which initially takes a long time. As the employee becomes more proficient, the supervisor gradually reduces the level of guidance. Which principle is MOST directly exemplified by the supervisor's actions?

A child completes their homework to avoid their parents telling them off. What is this an example of?

A teenager is caught sneaking out past curfew and as a consequence, their parents take away their access to their game console for a week. What process has occurred?

A child is misbehaving and the teacher sends them to time out, which makes them behave well for the rest of the session. What is this an example of?

What potential problem can arise when using punishment?

A teenager is struggling to maintain good grades in school. Their parents implement a system where for every 'A' they receive, they get an extra hour of screen time, a privilege they highly value. Initially, the teenager's grades improve significantly. However, after several months, despite consistently earning 'A's and receiving the extra screen time, their grades begin to slip again. Assuming no other major life changes or interventions, what is the MOST likely explanation for this phenomenon?

A child frequently throws tantrums in the supermarket to get their parents to buy them candy. The parents, wanting to avoid the public embarrassment, almost always give in and buy the candy. What is this an example of for the child?

A child frequently throws tantrums in the supermarket to get their parents to buy them candy. The parents, wanting to avoid the public embarrassment, almost always give in and buy the candy. What is this an example of for the parents?

You bump into someone you dislike in the corridor, so end the conversation by pretending to have an urgent phonecall. What is this an example of?

You see someone you dislike in the corridor, so pretend to be on the phone to avoid seeing them. What is this an example of?

Which of the following scenarios BEST illustrates the application of shaping?

What did Skinner advocate for regarding punishment?

Why is timing so important for reinforcement?

Fill in the blanks: ___________ refers to taking away something appetitive to __________ behaviour.

What is the technical definition of punishment?

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

What are examples of issues with punishment?

According to the information provided, what is the problem with negative reinforcement?

A 42 year old woman regularly worries about her health and often books GP appointments. She is particularly concerned about a pain in her arm, and worries that it could be a sign of something serious. She visits her GP who reassures her that all is fine. What is this an example of?

Consider a scenario where a child is consistently praised for completing their chores. Initially, praise functions as a strong reinforcer, leading to an increase in chore completion. However, over several months, the child's chore completion decreases, despite the fact that the praise is still delivered consistently. Furthermore, the parents then try to introduce money instead of (or as well as) praise, but this makes things even worse. Which TWO of the following phenomena could BEST explain this?

According to the information provided, which of these options apply?

In classical conditioning, if a dog continues to salivate to the sound of a bell even when the bell is no longer paired with food, what has occurred?

What is the intended outcome of reinforcement?

Why is the timing of reinforcement crucial?

What is the key effect of negative reinforcement on behavior?

What is the primary difference between 'escape' and 'avoidance' in negative reinforcement?

Which of the following is the MOST accurate definition of an unconditioned reinforcer?

Losing access to something you like (e.g. losing access to a fun activity) following a problem behavior, resulting in a decrease in the future probability of the problem behavior, is an example of which of the following?

According to the principles of behavior analysis, why is punishment often avoided in modern behavioral treatments?

A driver speeds through a red light and crashes their car. Is this positive punisment?

According to the material, what is the negative reinforcement of the punisher's behaviour?

Which of the following is the BEST explanation of why time-out reduces unwanted behaviour?

In the context of positive punishment procedures, what is contingent exercise?

What is the MAIN purpose of restitutional overcorrection?

According to the notes, what did Skinner advocate regarding punishment?

A child is behaving very well at school, so the teachers give them a star in exchange for their positive behaviour. What is the star in this scenario?

Which of the following best describes the relationship between reinforcement and reward?

What is the difference between escape and avoidance? (Select the MOST appropriate answer)

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies escape, within the context of negative reinforcement?

According to the principles outlined, what is the potential issue with punishment?

A teenager is constantly nagged by their parents to do chores. To stop the nagging, the teenager completes the chores. From the parents' perspective, what behavioral process is taking place?

A child receives praise every time they share toys with their sibling. Over time, the child begins to share toys less and less, even when praised. Assuming no other variables are at play, what could be the cause?

What is the MOST accurate description of "Restitutional Overcorrection"?