High rise study guide
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the spanners in the pump operator's FDC bag?

  • To remove caps and tighten hoseline couplings (correct)
  • To attach hoses to the FDC
  • To secure the FDC bag during transport
  • To test water pressure in the hoses

    • What should be done if the female FDC connection does not spin freely?

  • Use a gasket to lubricate the connection
  • Use a straight screwdriver to force it
  • Replace the FDC with a new one
  • Thread a double male adapter and double female adapter onto it (correct)

    • In the event of a broken clapper valve in the FDC, what is the recommended action?

  • Attach supply lines to both sides of the FDC (correct)
  • Replace the clapper valve immediately
  • Limit water flow to the FDC
  • Cap one side of the FDC and charge the other side

    • What is the use of the Knox key wrench in the FDC bag?

    <p>To remove Knox FDC locking caps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to replace missing or broken gaskets in the FDC?

    <p>To create a water-tight connection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can webbing be beneficial when connecting hoselines to the FDC?

    <p>It alleviates vibrations from high pump pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the burst pressure rating for the 2 ½” Mercedes Aquaflow HP hose?

    <p>1800 PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended way to load high-pressure FDC hose on CFD Engines?

    <p>Load differently depending on the engine model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length requirement for the pack to fit into the engine's compartments?

    <p>56 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the locking pin in the RAM XD?

    <p>To hold the valve in a closed position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what flow rate does the hydraulic effect become active in the RAM XD?

    <p>350 GPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum pressure for the operation of the RAM XD?

    <p>150 psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the Mercury Quick Attack Monitor?

    <p>It has only 6 PSI friction loss at 500 GPM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What flow rate does a 1-3/8” deluge tip provide at 80 psi nozzle pressure?

    <p>505 GPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consideration when using the RAM for high-rise operations?

    <p>Remove the stream straightener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of the RAM XD during unmanned operations?

    <p>It produces a self-correcting increase in nozzle angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hoseline can be extended from the MQA after initial knockdown?

    <p>1-3/4 inch hoseline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done to the MQA stream straightener during high-rise operations?

    <p>Remove it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total dry weight of the high-rise hose pack?

    <p>55.5 lbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of the 2 ½” Elkhart Brass XD Shutoff enhances its operation?

    <p>Dual drive shutoff with full round metal ball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with damaged gaskets during high-rise firefighting operations?

    <p>Replace them immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is the 2 ½” section of the high-rise hose pack?

    <p>Orange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pressure is required at the standpipe for a 150’ hose stretch using the 1 1/16” tip?

    <p>90 PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the high-rise hose pack's layout should every firefighter be familiar with?

    <p>Hose pack configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of using a choker tip on the handline?

    <p>Loss of gallons per minute (GPM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material is the body of the 2 ½” Elkhart DB-375-GAT Shutoff made of?

    <p>Forged aluminum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diameter tip is recommended for high-rise applications using the 2 ½” shutoff?

    <p>1 1/16 inch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition makes it necessary to troubleshoot low discharge pressures in a fire scenario?

    <p>Improperly set pressure reducing valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done first when assembling the 2” pack?

    <p>Gather equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sections of 2” hose are included in the high-rise hose pack?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the burst pressure of the 2 ½” section of the high-rise hose pack?

    <p>1,500 lbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of the Elkhart Brass 2 ½” Gate Valve model X86A?

    <p>To control and set the desired flow to the hose line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the Elkhart Brass 2 ½” Inline Pressure Gauge model 228A be placed after the elbow?

    <p>To avoid turbulence for more accurate pressure readings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a pipe wrench on a standpipe valve?

    <p>To open the valve if the hand wheel is missing or broken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of adjustments can the PRV Adjustment Rod make?

    <p>Field adjustments on pressure reducing valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which item is used to remove caps and tighten hoseline couplings?

    <p>Spanner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is affected when firefighters chock doors open on lower floors of a high-rise?

    <p>The air flow throughout the structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum pressure rating of the Elkhart Brass 2 ½” High-Rise Drain Elbow model 105A?

    <p>200 PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight of the Elkhart Brass 2 ½” Gate Valve model X86A?

    <p>5.5 lbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is specifically used to unlock and remove Knox caps from standpipe connections?

    <p>Knox key wrench</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken when using a pipe wrench on a standpipe valve?

    <p>Avoid excessive force to prevent breaking the hand wheel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct method for stacking hose when building a 2" pack?

    <p>Start folding at the 56&quot; mark.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration when using assorted fittings such as a 1.5” to 2.5” increaser?

    <p>Only using it if there is no 2.5” outlet available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coupling must be placed at the end of the final 2" pack?

    <p>The coupling that connects the two sections should be near the end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool can be used to defeat the weak point of the Lexan covering on the Urfa PRV?

    <p>Straight screwdriver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When constructing a Twin Donut, what is necessary to secure the rolls?

    <p>One Velcro strap placed in the center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the assorted fittings during overhaul operations?

    <p>To allow hoseline to be reduced to 1 ¾” after extinguishing the fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the female coupling be positioned in a 2" pack?

    <p>It needs to be on top of the first stack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weight does the Elkhart Brass 2 ½” Inline Pressure Gauge model 228A have?

    <p>1.6 lbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the final product of a properly made 2" pack?

    <p>The pack must be 56&quot; long.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When creating the Single Stack pack, where should the male coupling be positioned relative to the female coupling?

    <p>Should be approximately two feet short of the female coupling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of keeping the couplings away from the center of the pack?

    <p>It helps the pack bend over a firefighter's shoulder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to join the two hose sections when constructing the 2" pack?

    <p>Connecting the male and female couplings near the top of the stacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a requirement for the finished 2 ½" pack?

    <p>It must have the couplings secure at the center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can firefighters facilitate the stacking of a 2" hose?

    <p>Having one firefighter hold while others create folds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the primary focus when securing the hose straps?

    <p>All straps should orient in the same direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT part of the equipment needed for the Twin Donut?

    <p>Two additional hose sections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step comes first when assembling a 2 ½" Pack by the Twin Donut method?

    <p>Laying the hose out flat with no twists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as a high-rise building according to NFPA 101?

    <p>Any structure that exceeds 75 feet in height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which residual pressure is required for standpipe systems in buildings constructed post-1993 at the most remote outlet?

    <p>100 PSI while flowing 500 GPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required if the outlet pressure of a standpipe is between 100 PSI and 175 PSI?

    <p>Pressure restricting devices must be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a pressure reducing valve (PRV) from a pressure restricting device (PRD)?

    <p>PRVs can operate under both static and flowing conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Chicago Fire Department (CFD) define a high-rise building?

    <p>Structures over 75 feet or out of reach of CFD aerials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must firefighters be aware of regarding the fire pump provided pressure in buildings with PRVs on the standpipes?

    <p>Knowledge of the pressure being provided is critical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure condition requires pressure reducing valves (PRVs) in a standpipe system?

    <p>When pressures exceed 175 PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pressure reducing devices (PRD) in a standpipe system?

    <p>To reduce excessive outlet pressure to a manageable level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pressure should the pump operator supply to the building when the fire pump fails?

    <p>The same pressure the building fire pump was discharging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs)?

    <p>They cannot compensate for inlet pressure changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of device reduces pressure only during flowing conditions?

    <p>Pressure Restricting Devices (PRDs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that a valve is a pressure reducing valve?

    <p>A smooth stem inside the valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is unique to Pressure Restricting Devices (PRDs)?

    <p>They are usually removable or breakable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which common PRD device is simply an external device placed onto a valve?

    <p>Adjustable Pin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the FDC engine pump operator supplies insufficient pressure?

    <p>The fire attack teams will not receive adequate pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs) typically manage pressure changes?

    <p>By compensating with internal chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of PRV cannot be removed or adjusted in the field?

    <p>Factory pre-set non-adjustable valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mechanical pressure restricting device is primarily found in older buildings?

    <p>Mechanical Pressure Restricting Device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is used to pull out an orifice plate?

    <p>Small screwdriver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the internal design of a PRV differ from a PRD?

    <p>PRVs have internal mechanisms for pressure regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main disadvantage of using an orifice plate?

    <p>It cannot adjust to inlet pressure changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes a factory pre-set non-adjustable pressure reducing valve from other types of valves?

    <p>It has pressure reducing characteristics pre-set at the factory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of installing a factory pre-set valve on the wrong floor?

    <p>Inadequate pressure output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is needed for adjusting the Giacomini pressure reducing valve?

    <p>A 3/8” adjustment rod.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of the Urfa pressure reducing valve aids in pressure adjustment?

    <p>An anti-tamper shield.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the pressure adjustment on the Zurn pressure reducing valve often challenging for firefighters?

    <p>The valve's bonnet must be removed for adjustments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the adjustment procedure for the Giacomini valve require in terms of force?

    <p>75 pounds of force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a smooth stem inside a valve when identifying a pressure reducing valve?

    <p>The valve is a pressure-reducing valve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major disadvantage of factory pre-set pressure reducing valves?

    <p>They leave room for human error in various stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of outlet connection do both the Giacomini and Urfa pressure reducing valves share?

    <p>2 ½ inch male outlet connection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Zurn pressure reducing valve allow for pressure adjustments?

    <p>By using the hand wheel and adjustment nut.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What safety feature does the Urfa pressure reducing valve incorporate?

    <p>An anti-tamper shield.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common tool is required to adjust the Zurn pressure reducing valve?

    <p>A 1 1/16 inch deep well socket.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the number etched into the adjustment barrel of the Giacomini valve refer to?

    <p>The approximate PSI at zero flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must firefighters do if they encounter inadequate pressure at the outlet of a pressure reducing valve?

    <p>Consider alternative water supply options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the adjustment procedure for the Urfa pressure reducing valve, which step is necessary to access the adjustment holes?

    <p>Rotating the Lexan shield.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common structural feature of First Generation high-rises?

    <p>Brick or stone load-bearing walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material was not typically used for the floors of First Generation high-rises?

    <p>Glass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What innovation characterized the construction of Second Generation high-rises?

    <p>Protected steel frame construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following buildings does not fit the description of a First Generation high-rise?

    <p>LeVeque Tower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant drawback of the vertical openings in First Generation high-rises?

    <p>They were generally unprotected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which decades were Second Generation high-rises primarily constructed?

    <p>1930s-1940s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of floors did Second Generation high-rises typically utilize?

    <p>Concrete over brick or hollow tile arches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature was commonly seen in Second Generation high-rise buildings for safety?

    <p>Small subdivided floor areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Fire Attack Group during a high-rise fire incident?

    <p>To stretch the attack line and fight the fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is tasked with the responsibility of establishing accountability and collecting passports?

    <p>Lobby Control/Systems Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the search order priority for the USE Group?

    <p>Attack Stairwell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many firefighters are assigned to the fire area during daylight hours in the Fire Attack Group?

    <p>Seven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equipment is essential for the ladder companies during high-rise operations?

    <p>Pike poles and forcible entry tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for designating an Engine officer in the Fire Attack Group?

    <p>The Incident Commander (I/C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group performs searches in the specified order, with the Attack Stairwell listed first?

    <p>USE Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nozzle is specified for the engine companies' equipment complement?

    <p>2 ½” smoothbore nozzle with a 1 1/16” tip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the second engine bring to facilitate forward accountability at the standpipe hookup?

    <p>A small status board</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equipment complement is NOT mentioned for ladder companies?

    <p>Small Status Boards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the Medical Group in a fire incident?

    <p>Provide victim care and set up the CCP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done after clearing the floor above the fire?

    <p>Remove victims to the CCP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which piece of equipment is NOT listed as part of the RIT Group's responsibilities?

    <p>Victim accountability equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Incident Commander during a fire response?

    <p>To lay out the incident action plan and supervise the scene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is required for a medic operating above the lobby?

    <p>Full PPE and SCBA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equipment should the RIT Group bring to their staging area below the fire?

    <p>All firefighting equipment needed for rescue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Working Fire Assignment affect the structure of the fire response?

    <p>It allows crews to be reassigned based on the incident needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equipment complements does the Medical Group include for assessing victims?

    <p>All EMS equipment, including cots and monitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key responsibility of the Second Chief in a fire incident?

    <p>To supervise fire and rescue operations on the floor below the fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When operating in a hazardous zone, what documentation is necessary for crews?

    <p>Two passports to track locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What construction material is primarily used for the floors in Third Generation high-rises?

    <p>Corrugated metal with poured concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature significantly aids in smoke movement within Third Generation high-rises?

    <p>Positive pressure ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinctive characteristic of Fourth Generation high-rises compared to previous generations?

    <p>Presence of stairway and elevator enclosures designed to resist disasters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following buildings is categorized as a Third Generation high-rise?

    <p>100 East Broad Street</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What innovative construction technique allowed for super tall buildings from 1965 onwards?

    <p>Bundled tubular construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Fire Alarm 'A' response, which type of occupancy is typically included?

    <p>Single family residences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Equipment Needs for the USE Group during a high-rise incident?

    <p>Evacuation and upper search operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How thick can the reinforced concrete center core walls be in Fourth Generation high-rises?

    <p>Up to six feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Incident Commander play upon arrival at a high-rise incident?

    <p>Designates group formation based on arrival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What construction technique is utilized in the Sears Tower to provide strength against lateral loading?

    <p>Bundled tubular construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Class of Fire Alarm includes high life hazard occupancies like nursing homes and big box stores?

    <p>Fire Alarm 'B'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the high-rise building's exterior in Third Generation high-rises?

    <p>Curtain wall facade systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Fourth Generation high-rises aims to create refuge areas for occupants?

    <p>Heavily fortified stairway and elevator enclosures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in assembling the Fire Attack Group?

    <p>Gather crews near the elevators to be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should crews do if the fire floor is more than five floors above the lobby?

    <p>Use the elevators if firefighter recall service is available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the elevators once Phase I is activated?

    <p>All active calls are cancelled and the elevator returns to the lobby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During Phase II operation, which of the following control actions is true?

    <p>Opening and closing doors must be handled manually by firefighters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first safety stop that needs to be utilized during operations?

    <p>Second floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should crews decide if the fire floor is within walking distance?

    <p>After determining the exact location of the fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct procedure for selecting a floor during Phase II operation?

    <p>Hold both the floor number and the door close button until moving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action should be taken if elevators do not have firefighter recall service?

    <p>Use the stairs to the fire floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of using Exterior Command at a fire incident?

    <p>The I/C can visualize the exterior and overall progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to switch to a DVRS channel during operations?

    <p>The BC must notify all fireground companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of the DVRS is specifically used to enhance radio signals?

    <p>System Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of using the Lobby Command post?

    <p>Inability to visualize the exterior of the building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if two DVRS units operate on the same frequency within two miles of each other?

    <p>One unit goes inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following channels is NOT one of the available DVRS channels?

    <p>Highrise 1 DVRS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is crucial for successful high-rise operations from the lobby/ground floor?

    <p>Effective communication and role discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the directional magnetic antenna in the DVRS setup?

    <p>To direct the radio signals toward the incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should crews discuss with their Battalion Chiefs regarding DVRS channels during a Mayday?

    <p>Stay and Change talkgroups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the DVRS beneficial for high-rise firefighting operations?

    <p>It improves communication in areas with weak signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters do if the Phase II helmet light in the elevator car is flashing?

    <p>Avoid using the elevator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended maximum number of firefighters in an elevator to ensure safety?

    <p>Four to six firefighters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When moving up in the elevator, how frequently should firefighters stop to perform door checks?

    <p>Every five floors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is especially important when using elevators during a fire situation?

    <p>Choosing an elevator that does not service the fire floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the elevator keys after exiting the elevator?

    <p>Leave the keys in the car</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical task must be checked by a firefighter in the pump room?

    <p>The discharge pressure of the fire pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is responsible for Lobby Control at a fire scene?

    <p>The third engine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature should firefighters utilize to ensure they do not enter the fire floor when using the elevator?

    <p>Identifying elevators that do not service the fire floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the driver of the engine prioritize upon arrival at the fire scene?

    <p>Locating the fire department connection (FDC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the initial operation of the fire scene, what action should be taken with the elevators?

    <p>Establish a shuttle system for crew transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a firefighter is not familiar with the building layout?

    <p>Direct them to find the building engineer for assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of establishing lobby accountability during fire operations?

    <p>To track crew members entering and exiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should firefighters position themselves while loading into the elevator for safety?

    <p>Back into the elevator car</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct pressure setting for the intake relief valve on CFD engines?

    <p>180 PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connection method is recommended for high-pressure pumping operations?

    <p>Connecting high-pressure hose using NST threads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with FDC plugs before pumping water into the system?

    <p>Remove all plugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the FDC engine increase pump pressure?

    <p>If the building's system pressure is lacking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the residual pressure required for pre-1993 buildings at the most remote outlet?

    <p>65 PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to keep hose connections spanner tight during high-pressure operations?

    <p>To prevent water leaks due to pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the FDC engine operator determine the building system pressure in high-rise operations?

    <p>Send someone to inspect the pump room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken if the female swivel on the FDC is frozen?

    <p>Use a double male to create a new swivel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done with damaged or missing gaskets during FDC operations?

    <p>Replace them immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the FDC engine decide to pump into the FDC system?

    <p>If the building’s system is inadequate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if not all FDC plugs are removed prior to pumping water?

    <p>It may create dangerous pressure on closed plugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor for calculating the pump pressure required for a high-rise building?

    <p>Building height and year of construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dry system, when should the FDC engine start pumping?

    <p>Immediately upon arrival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the fire pump operator respond if they do not know the discharge pressure of the building’s fire pump?

    <p>Determine the pressure needed at the top floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that the pump operator has started moving water into the building?

    <p>Seeing a flow in the outlet gauge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must the pump operator do if crews upstairs request more pressure?

    <p>Pump at the building's system pressure plus the requested additional pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would prevent the use of a first-floor standpipe outlet as an inlet?

    <p>If the standpipe outlet has a Pressure Reducing Valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of opening the OS&Y valve on the discharge side of the fire pump?

    <p>To allow water to supply the system through test head discharges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of utilizing elevated waterways?

    <p>It is only applicable if no exterior victim rescue is needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies that the flow meter is properly calibrated?

    <p>Flow readings start when pressure overcomes the building's fire pump pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves supplying water through a connection used for annual fire pump testing?

    <p>Supplying through a test head discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the first arriving medic crew prepare for upon reaching the lobby area?

    <p>Assisting Lobby Control Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to the supply line when performing a well stretch?

    <p>Tie it off to prevent it from falling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the EMS supervisor play in a high-rise incident?

    <p>Establish the Medical Group and manage EMS care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when firefighters pump into the FDC?

    <p>Only the firefighters supply water once pumped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the FDC's internal clappers when water is supplied by firefighters?

    <p>They prevent contamination from the domestic water system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical supplies should the EMS Supervisor bring into the lobby area?

    <p>Triage tags and a drug bag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of valve must be opened to use the test head discharge effectively?

    <p>OS&amp;Y Valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equipment is NOT stored on the resource floor?

    <p>Water pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for the rehabilitation process of firefighting crews on the resource floor?

    <p>EMS Supervisor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Casualty Collection Point (CCP) on the resource floor?

    <p>To triage victims during emergencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group operates on the resource floor during firefighting efforts?

    <p>Resource Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Operations Chief primarily stage during firefighting efforts?

    <p>Resource floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters do if the valve on the floor below the fire is found to be inadequate?

    <p>Try a valve in a different stairwell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of valve allows firefighters to adjust pressure if flow is inadequate?

    <p>A field adjustable valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of flushing the standpipe system before connecting hoses?

    <p>To remove debris and scale from the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should firefighters adjust a field adjustable valve?

    <p>After the hookup is complete and water is flowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is using a gate valve recommended during standpipe operations?

    <p>It simplifies operations by minimizing the use of the hand wheel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adjustment is necessary when adding a 50' section of 2 ½” hose?

    <p>5 PSI for friction loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum pressure that can be supplied by a factory pre-set non-adjustable valve?

    <p>The pressure when the valve is fully open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should the inline pressure gauge be placed for accurate readings?

    <p>After the elbow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters do if they are unable to reach the target flowing pressures?

    <p>Inform the Fire Attack Group Supervisor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the flushing of a dry pipe system aim to achieve?

    <p>To remove scale and the risk of debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should the flushing process last for the 12th floor before connecting apparatus?

    <p>30 seconds to 1 minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of improper flushing prior to connecting hoses?

    <p>Decreased fire stream effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done after attaching the hoseline to the in-line gauge?

    <p>Lay out the hose appropriately first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal during operations on the fire floor?

    <p>Search for and rescue victims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is responsible for searching the floors above the fire floor?

    <p>USE Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When might firefighters need to add a second hose line onto the same standpipe?

    <p>During large, complicated fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What PSI is generally experienced as friction loss at 500 GPM in the appliance?

    <p>9.5 PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if victims are found on the fire floor?

    <p>Remove them to the CCP two floors below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group informs the incident commander of conditions encountered during the operation?

    <p>USE Group Supervisor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nozzle size requires a standpipe discharge pressure of 115 PSI at 150'?

    <p>1-1/8&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional equipment is suggested for the standpipe kit in larger fires?

    <p>Additional tips and connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Stack Effect refer to in high-rise firefighting?

    <p>The flow of smoke and heat upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern when operating elevators during a fire incident?

    <p>The potential for elevator car fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following standpipe systems does not require a pump to deliver water effectively?

    <p>Class 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant operational consideration when advancing hoses in a high-rise?

    <p>The layout of the high-rise hose pack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be checked first to ensure safe deployment on the fire floor?

    <p>The structural integrity of the building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended pressure for a 1-1/4" nozzle at 200’ of standpipe hose?

    <p>155 PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if desired pressure is not achieved after pumping?

    <p>Advance the line as is or call for additional lines from a different stairwell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does placing a choker tip on the nozzle have?

    <p>It improves reach and back pressure while reducing flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should firefighters communicate while advancing the hose?

    <p>Using specific distances to make it clear how far to move forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to reduce nozzle reaction if firefighters become fatigued?

    <p>Gating the bale down halfway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What flow rate is achieved by using a 1 1/4” tip at 50 PSI with 150' of hose?

    <p>328 GPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done after reaching the next position while advancing the hose?

    <p>Let the backup know you are going to fully open the nozzle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to continuously move and pre-load hose?

    <p>To avoid pauses that can lead to fatigue or compromise safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When might firefighters need to combine sections of 2 ½” hose?

    <p>In fully involved commercial fires or other high-demand situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to enhance performance with the MQA or RAM during high-rise operations?

    <p>Remove any stream straighteners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nozzle tip provides a flow rate of 266 GPM at 50 PSI with 150' of hose?

    <p>1 1/8” Tip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vital to ensure when utilizing a hybrid hose package?

    <p>The delivery rate must exceed 240 GPM for effective firefighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated nozzle reaction for a 200' length of hose with a 1 1/4” tip at 50 PSI?

    <p>121 LBS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must firefighters do to effectively gather hose for the next move?

    <p>Identify and pre-load their respective areas systematically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes an effective use of communication within the hose team?

    <p>Regular, clear communication about movements and needs is essential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main responsibility of the Ladder company during fire attack operations?

    <p>To search for victims and assess the best stairwell for access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a fire attack, what should be done if victims are found?

    <p>Remove them to the designated Casualty Collection Point (CCP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for the Ladder company to clear the stairwell above the attack entry point?

    <p>To ensure a clear route for the Fire Attack Group to advance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the floor layouts in residential high-rises typically differ from those in commercial high-rises?

    <p>Commercial high-rise layouts can vary significantly from floor to floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Nozzle Firefighter in the Fire Attack Group?

    <p>To prepare and operate the nozzle on the fire floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the Control Firefighter do with the standpipe during a fire operation?

    <p>Act as the remote pump operator at the standpipe outlet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best hose stretch identified for firefighting operations?

    <p>The shortest hose stretch to the fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a Pressure Reducing Device (PRD) is found during the standpipe hookup, what action should be taken?

    <p>Remove it from the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Door Firefighter 1 during fire operations?

    <p>To assist in removing kinks from the hose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of a PRV affect the Fire Attack Group's operations?

    <p>Notification of the Fire Attack Group Supervisor is required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration for the Fire Attack Group when approaching an unknown fire area?

    <p>Using thermal imaging cameras for effective search</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a member of the engine company recon the floor below the fire?

    <p>During the ladder company's recon efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for companies to hear the ladder company designate the Attack and Evacuation stairwells?

    <p>To ensure all teams are synchronized in their operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a successful hose stretch operation for the Fire Attack Group?

    <p>Nine firefighters on the team during night operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of soffit vents in a building?

    <p>To draw in cool air for ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a fire, why is the neutral pressure plane significant?

    <p>It influences smoke movement during firefighting operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact can a downward draft have on a high-rise building during a fire?

    <p>It can make the lobby uninhabitable due to smoke migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the stack effect function in high-rise buildings?

    <p>Warm air rises while cool air descends, creating a draft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common practice that can violate fire codes in high-rise buildings?

    <p>Locking swinging doors to funnel traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of opening lobby doors during a fire below the neutral pressure plane?

    <p>It allows smoke to be drawn up to the fire floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the summer stack effect critical in firefighting operations during warm weather?

    <p>It can create hazardous smoke conditions in lower areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precautions should be taken regarding doors in a high-rise during firefighting?

    <p>Lobby doors should remain closed as much as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the HVAC system of a high-rise building affect firefighting efforts?

    <p>It can worsen smoke conditions if poorly managed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges might occur when repositioning the staging floor farther below the fire?

    <p>Creates logistics problems for firefighting personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of understanding air travel within a high-rise building?

    <p>It dictates how smoke will behave during a fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do elevator shafts play in the stack effect of high-rise buildings?

    <p>They facilitate upward movement of hot air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are revolving doors recommended for use during different seasons in high-rise buildings?

    <p>They conserve energy by controlling air loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of pressurizing stairwells in high-rise fires?

    <p>It enhances the egress route for building occupants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of over-pressurizing stairwells during a fire response?

    <p>Difficulty for occupants in opening exit doors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stairs is typically the most common in high-rise buildings?

    <p>Return Stairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the engine captain's request to prop open the swinging doors?

    <p>To expedite getting equipment and manpower into the building.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of Scissor Stairs in high-rise buildings?

    <p>They are placed in pairs within the same core structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant challenge did the crews face when attempting to use the freight elevator?

    <p>The freight elevator was out of service for repairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Fire Control Room in a high-rise building?

    <p>To serve as the central location for fire protection system controls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What decision did the battalion chief ultimately make concerning the attack on the fire?

    <p>To vent the stairwell and continue the fire attack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT commonly found in a Fire Control Room?

    <p>Firefighter Sleeping Quarters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stairs is specifically designed for tenant access in high-rises?

    <p>Access Stairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were occupants reported to be unable to escape from the north stair above the fire floor?

    <p>The stairway doors were locked except for re-entry floors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant hazard associated with Access Stairs?

    <p>They may not provide protected egress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did the wind have on the conditions inside the attack stair?

    <p>It created a dangerous wind-tunnel effect that worsened conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be included in a building's pre-fire plan regarding stairwell designs?

    <p>Details about roof access and stairwell terminations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the size of the tenant space that was ablaze on the 38th floor?

    <p>2,000 square feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of keeping the lobby stairwell door propped open during the rescue efforts?

    <p>It increased the flow of smoke into the attack stairwell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which kind of fire conditions might venting stair shafts be beneficial?

    <p>Cold-weather fires with accounted occupants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the crews have to utilize after being unsuccessful with the elevators?

    <p>The main stairwell to reach the fire floor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be the result of drawing smoke into stair shafts during a fire?

    <p>Deterioration of escape routes for occupants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition did the firefighters experience while climbing the stairs to the fire?

    <p>They sweated profusely in restrictive gear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the fire protection system helps firefighters determine alarm status and location?

    <p>Full Control Annunciator Panel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major concern did the battalion chief have after opening the stair doors?

    <p>How to manage the trapped occupants above the fire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific feature does the Remote Fire Panel provide?

    <p>Basic information about fire incidents without control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of stack effect must be emphasized in officer training for high-rise operations?

    <p>Its influence on smoke movement during fires.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the walk-in nature of the fire cause for the crews on the 38th floor?

    <p>It complicated the fire attack due to wind-controlled situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the communication method used by the engine captain to inform the command chief about the fire conditions?

    <p>Via a radio transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the firefighters initially not feel the strong wind entering the building?

    <p>They believed it was just a slight breeze at that time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the attack stair conditions after the fire attack was launched?

    <p>They rapidly deteriorated with smoke flooding in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when cold air enters a building through a door in winter weather?

    <p>Warm air rises rapidly through internal shaft ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of using a smoke/fire tower as the attack stair during a fire?

    <p>It attracts smoke and fire towards the crew.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a high-rise building, what can a small open window in an emergency exit stairwell create?

    <p>A Venturi effect that accelerates smoke movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature differential is described in the case study of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing?

    <p>35 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can carbon monoxide (CO) affect occupants in a high-rise building during a fire?

    <p>It rises quickly, creating dangerous pockets on upper floors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to smoke in tall buildings due to temperature stratification?

    <p>It rises until it cools and levels off on upper floors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of venting stairwells during a fire emergency?

    <p>It may increase smoke entry from the fire floor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily affected when firefighters leave lobby and stair doors open during a fire?

    <p>The risk of fire spread increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be managed during a fire in order to control the stack effect effectively?

    <p>The opening and closing of lobby and stairwell doors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major lesson learned from the 1993 World Trade Center bombing regarding smoke movement?

    <p>Smoke can travel significant distances in a short time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the temperature differential influence the stack effect in a building?

    <p>A larger differential increases air movement velocity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what circumstances is the winter stack effect likely to occur?

    <p>When there is a significant temperature difference between inside and outside during winter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if the chimney effect creates significant smoke movement during a fire?

    <p>Escape routes may become compromised.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can it take for a 2% concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) in air to be fatal?

    <p>2 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unusual phenomenon can occur in a high-rise building during a warm day in December?

    <p>Warm air being drawn down to lower floors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could happen if stairwell doors in a high-rise are propped open during an emergency?

    <p>They could enhance the stack effect, worsening smoke movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does warm air in a high-rise building affect the functioning of elevator doors during a fire?

    <p>It can prevent elevator doors from closing properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of a significant temperature differential between the inside and outside of a high-rise building?

    <p>Rapid ascension of air through stair shafts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to elevator cars in modern high-rises equipped with shaft pressurization during a fire alarm?

    <p>They can remain operational despite air rush.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a fire in a cold-weather high-rise, what effect can an open fire floor door have?

    <p>It might feed the fire with fresh air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary concern should be addressed regarding lobby doors during a high-rise fire situation?

    <p>Securing them to prevent air rush effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of tall buildings can significantly impact smoke movement during a fire?

    <p>Air circulation due to stack effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might happen if the exit stair doors have high back pressure during a fire evacuation?

    <p>It can hinder occupants' escape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air play in high-rise buildings?

    <p>It creates drafts that facilitate air movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should first-arriving crews do to improve escape routes for occupants during a fire?

    <p>Ensure only the attack stair door is kept open.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can drafts in a high-rise lobby affect firefighter operations during a fire emergency?

    <p>They create obstacles when using elevators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a significant risk when smoke is drawn towards the core during a high-rise fire?

    <p>Evacuation routes can become congested with smoke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the scenario where a draft holds a door open in a stairwell?

    <p>It can prevent tenants from exiting safely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a wall mounted combination FDC?

    <p>To supply both standpipe and sprinkler systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of FDC is used when wall mounting is not feasible?

    <p>Post Mount FDC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of low-rise buildings regarding FDC inlets?

    <p>They allow for greater volume delivery with 5” inlets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of backup generators in fire protection systems?

    <p>They provide power for emergency lighting and fire pumps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can traction elevator control rooms typically be located?

    <p>Above hoistways or in basements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do MRLs (Machine Room-Less) elevators differ from traditional elevators?

    <p>They lack traditional control rooms altogether.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a smoke control panel?

    <p>To operate fire control dampers and fans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consideration regarding elevator car fires?

    <p>Signs of smoke on multiple floors can indicate a motor fire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the automatic transfer switch of a backup generator?

    <p>A municipal power failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of standpipe system is designated for fire department use only?

    <p>Class 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers a jockey pump to activate?

    <p>Small drops in system pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of a combination standpipe and sprinkler system?

    <p>Water for sprinkler piping is sourced from the standpipe riser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the function of the fire pump room?

    <p>Houses the fire pumps and connects to the domestic water supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an automatic transfer switch in the pump controls?

    <p>To activate the fire pump when required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of automatic dry standpipe systems?

    <p>Contains pressurized air in the piping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of outlets does a Class 2 standpipe system provide?

    <p>1 ½&quot; outlets with hose attached</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are fire department handsets important in emergency situations?

    <p>They enable secure communication when radios fail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement illustrates the role of a multiclass fire pump system?

    <p>Distributes pressure based on building height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would you find in a standpipe cabinet for Class 2 systems?

    <p>A single hose and nozzle assembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would a manual dry standpipe system be typically employed?

    <p>In parking garages where no water is present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does a built-in public-address system serve in a building?

    <p>Delivers evacuation orders and prepared messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes a low zone pump from a high zone pump?

    <p>It services the basement to floor 18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pressure monitoring in the pump controls?

    <p>Activates the fire pump during pressure drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pump Operator’s FDC Bag

    • Spanners are used for removing caps and tightening hoseline couplings. All connections made to the FDC and the Engine should be “spanner tight”
    • 2 ½” Double Male/Double Female Adapters are used if the FDC connection will not spin freely. They create a properly operating female swivel.
    • Straight Screwdriver is used to remove debris from the FDC, pry off frangible plastic caps, and pry off external limiting devices on PRDs.
    • Forceps are used to remove debris found in the FDC.
    • 2 ½” Caps can be used to plug one side of the FDC when the clapper valves are broken, preventing water from coming out.
    • Knox Key Wrench unlocks and removes Knox FDC locking caps, and is the only known way to defeat these caps.
    • Pick Tool removes the weather/dust cover on the Knox FDC lock.
    • Gaskets replace missing or broken gaskets in the FDC for a water-tight connection.
    • Webbing secures hose lines to the FDC, alleviating excessive vibrations from high pump pressures and preventing potential injuries in case of a hoseline burst.
    • 2 ½” High Pressure FDC Hose is a blue-green 200’ section of premium synthetic double-jacketed hose with 2 ½” NH male and female couplings.

    High-Rise Standpipe Bag

    • Elkhart Brass 2 ½” Gate Valve Model X86A is a lightweight aluminum valve used to control and set the desired flow to the hose line after the standpipe valve has been fully opened.
    • 18” Pipe Wrench is used to open the standpipe valve if the hand wheel is missing, broken, or will not turn, but should be used with caution as it could snap the standpipe hand wheel.
    • Elkhart Brass 2 ½” High-Rise Drain Elbow Model 105A is a 45° drain elbow that alleviates kinks in the hose coming from the standpipe valve and allows water to be bled in the stairwell after operation, minimizing water damage.
    • Elkhart Brass 2 ½” Inline Pressure Gauge Model 228A is a phosphorescent air-filled, fully guarded, and shock-resistant gauge used to ensure the proper pressure is set at the standpipe and to troubleshoot standpipe issues.
    • Spanners tighten hoseline couplings and remove caps.
    • PRV Adjustment Rod adjusts the pressure of Urfa and Giacomini PRVs.
    • 1 1/16” Deep Well Socket Set adjusts the field adjustment nut on the Zurn PRV.
    • T-Handle 5/32” Pin and Hex Security Wrench removes the set screw holding the Lexan covering on the Urfa PRV.
    • Straight Screwdriver is used to pry off orifice plates and defeat the weak point of the Lexan covering on the Urfa PRV.
    • Knox Key Wrench unlocks and removes Knox caps from the standpipe connection.
    • Door Chocks/Wedges hold doors open to prevent hose pinch points and keep self-closing doors open behind firefighters.
    • 1.5” to 2.5” Increaser is used if the only available standpipe connection is 1.5”
    • 2.5” to 1.5” Reducer is used for overhaul operations to allow hoseline to be reduced to 1 3/4" after the fire is extinguished, increasing mobility and decreasing water damage.
    • Gaskets replace any damaged or torn gaskets found during high-rise firefighting operations.

    High-Rise Hose Pack

    • High-Rise Hose Pack consists of a 150’ pack made up of one 50’ section of 2 ½” and two 50’ sections of 2”.
    • 2 ½” Mercedes Textiles—Krakenexo is a 50’ section of orange hose with a service pressure of 400 lbs, proof pressure of 800 lbs, burst pressure of 1,500 lbs.
    • 2” Mercedes Textiles—Krakenexo consists of two 50’ sections of red hose with 2 ½” couplings, a service pressure of 400 lbs, proof pressure of 800 lbs, burst pressure of 1,500 lbs.
    • 2 ½” Elkhart Brass XD Shutoff with Pistol Grip is a dual drive shutoff with a full round metal ball, forged aluminum body, and forged metal bale handle.
    • 2 ½” Elkhart DB-375-GAT Shutoff is an older style nozzle with a forged aluminum body and a 1 ¼” discharge.
    • Elkhart 188 XD Smooth Bore 1 1/16” Tip is a lightweight aluminum construction nozzle with a urethane molded bumper, and is the recommended tip for high-rise applications.
    • Choker Tips are used by fire attack crews to improve stream reach and velocity when encountering low discharge pressures from the standpipe.
    • 1 1/16” Tip is the recommended tip for high-rise applications with 240 GPM at 50 PSI.
    • 15/16” Tip is used to gain increased stream reach and velocity when using a choker tip.

    High-Rise Pack Building Procedures

    • 2” Pack consists of two 50’ sections of 2” hose with 2 ½” couplings and three straps.
    • 2 ½” Pack consists of one 50’ section of 2 ½” hose and either one or three straps, depending on the packing method.
    • 2” Pack Assembly instructions:
      • Roll both sections of the 2” hose with one section having the male coupling inside and one section having the female coupling inside.
      • Create two stacks with each section of hose.
      • Connect the male and female couplings on top of the stacks.
      • Secure the married couplings with a strap.
      • Fold the remaining couplings over the top of the pack and add the nozzle.
      • Secure the nozzle and the female coupling with a strap.
      • Secure the middle of the pack with the remaining strap.
    • 2 ½” Pack Assembly: Twin Donut instructions:
      • Lay the hose out flat with no twists.
      • Divide the hose in half with the male and female couplings even.
      • Place a strap at the end of the hose opposite the couplings.
      • Begin rolling the fold toward the couplings.
      • Secure the Velcro strap.
    • 2 ½” Pack Assembly: Single Stack instructions:
      • Double the hose back on top of itself with the male coupling on top.
      • Place the tail end of the hose at one of the 56” markers.
      • Place the first fold at the other 56” marker.
      • Continue packing in a single stack, making folds at each 56” marker.
      • Lay the female coupling over the male coupling.
      • Secure the load with three Velcro straps.

    ELKHART BRASS R.A.M.XD

    • Has a patent pending hydraulic stability system that harnesses the reaction force to stabilize
    • Four fold-out aluminum forged legs with carbide tipped ground spikes (Rear ground spikes are angled to help with grip)
    • Locking pin holds valve in a closed position to prevent accidental opening (allows RAM to be carried while attached to a charged hose line)
    • Attached safety strap comes with a storage pouch
    • 2-1/2” inlet and outlet
    • Has 20 of travel left and right from center
    • Can be set from 51 to 35 while unmanned
    • Can be lowered from 35 down to 14 when manned
    • Operation is not to exceed 500 GPM and/or 150 psi
    • Comes with 1-3/8” deluge tip
    • 1-3/8” deluge tip = 505 GPM at 80 psi NP (55 lbs of FL per 100’)
    • To achieve optimal flow, ensure there is 20 feet of hose in a straight line behind the RAM
    • 9.5 lbs of friction loss within the RAM when flowed at 500 GPM
    • The RAM XD has a built-in safety system with an upper and lower pivot point.The offset configuration of the two pivot points creates a condition where the reaction force of the water acting upon the upper pivot point (if sufficient enough) will cause the nozzle to rotate upward about the lower pivot point
    • This produces a self-correcting increase in nozzle angle to protect against possibly dangerous unmanned use of the monitor at nozzle angles less than 35 above horizontal
    • The hydraulic effect of the system is active at approximately 350 GPM
    • Advanced fire/heavy fire load
    • Good for open area floor plans
    • Unmanned operations
    • 2 ½” or 1 ¾” hoseline can be extended from the RAM after initial knockdown for clean-up and hot spots
    • Remove stream straightener when using RAM for high rise operations

    MERCURY QUICK ATTACK MONITOR/MQA

    • Rated for flows up to 500 GPM
    • Only 6 PSI friction loss through the unit at 500 GPM
    • Tip can rotate 20 left or right from center
    • Can be operated from 60 to 30 when unmanned
    • Top handle contains a spring loaded mechanism that allows the user to travel down to 20 (will self-adjust back to 30)
    • Generally comes with triple stacked tips
    • 1” = 266 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (15 lbs of FL per 100’)
    • 1-1/8” = 336 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (25 lbs of FL per 100’)
    • 1-1/4” = 415 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (38 lbs of FL per 100’)
    • 1-3/8” = 502 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (55 lbs of FL per 100’)
    • Some models may have 1-1/2” deluge tip on them (shown above)
    • 1-1/2” = 496 GPM at 55 psi nozzle pressure (55 lbs of FL per 100’)*
    • *This tip must be pumped at or below 55 psi nozzle pressure. Higher pressures would exceed the GPM rating of the MQA and 2-1/2” hose
    • The MQA has a 2-1/2” inlet and outlet
    • Most companies will forgo running the 1” tip on the end of the MQA
    • The 1” tip provides no GPM advantage over an 1-1/8” tip at 50 psi on a handline
    • Advanced fire/heavy fire load where unmanned operations may be needed
    • Good for open area floor plans
    • Excellent option for commercial high-rise fires, but has limited use in residential high-rises
    • If the MQA is equipped with a stream straightener, remove it for high-rise operations.Stream straighteners can become clogged with standpipe debris
    • Hoselines can be extended from the MQA after initial knockdown for clean-up and hot spots
    • A 1-3/4” hoseline can be connected to the end of the 1-1/4” stacked tip
    • MQA 2-1/2” outlet allows for a 2-1/2” attack line to be extended off the outlet base of the unit

    NFPA Standards for High-Rise Buildings

    • NFPA 101 defines a high-rise as a building greater than 75 feet in height, measured from the lowest level of fire department vehicle access to the highest occupied floor.
    • NFPA 14 requires standpipe systems in buildings constructed pre-1993 to provide 65 PSI of residual pressure at the most remote outlet while flowing 500 GPM.
    • NFPA 14 requires standpipe systems in buildings constructed post-1993 to provide 100 PSI of residual pressure at the most remote outlet while flowing 500 GPM.

    CFD High-Rise Definition

    • Chicago Fire Department defines a high-rise building as any building that is 75 feet or greater in height or is out of reach of a CFD aerial or platform.

    Pressure Restricting Devices (PRDs)

    • Used in standpipes with internal pressures from 100-175 PSI.
    • Reduce pressure in flowing conditions only.
    • External components that can be removed.
    • Common types include adjustable pins, removable clips, orifice plates, and mechanical restricting devices.

    Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs)

    • Used in standpipes with internal pressures greater than 175 PSI.
    • Reduce pressure in static and flowing conditions.
    • Internal mechanisms built into the valve body.
    • Common types include factory pre-set non-adjustable valves, Giacomini valves, Urfa valves, and Zurn valves.

    Adjustable Pin Design

    • Simple external device easily removed or broken.
    • Limits valve opening, reducing pressure during flowing conditions.
    • Removed using an Allen wrench or broken using a Halligan tool.

    Removable Clip Design

    • Simple external device easily removed.
    • Limits valve opening, reducing pressure during flowing conditions.
    • Removed by pulling the clip out of the valve.

    Orifice Plate

    • Metal disk with a restricted opening, similar to a large metal washer.
    • Located inside the threaded male outlet of the standpipe valve.
    • Can cause damage to the inner lining of hoses.
    • Does not provide steady discharge pressure.
    • Pry it out with a small screwdriver or pull it out with a pair of channel locks.

    Mechanical Pressure Restricting Device

    • One-piece mechanical device designed to reduce outlet pressure.
    • Similar in size to a double female adapter.
    • Has hose threads on both ends.
    • Device threads onto the male outlet of the standpipe valve.
    • Only reduces pressure during flowing conditions.
    • Inside are overlapping holes that restrict water flow.
    • Device can be manually adjusted (not recommended).
    • Remove by unscrewing it from the standpipe outlet threads.

    Factory Pre-Set Non-Adjustable Pressure Reducing Valve

    • Pressure reducing valve with characteristics pre-set at the factory.
    • Non-adjustable.
    • Designed for a specific floor.
    • Identified by a large ring at the top of the valve body.
    • May have a label indicating it is a pressure-reducing valve.
    • A smooth stem typically indicates a pressure-reducing valve.

    Giacomini Pressure Reducing Valve

    • Large valve with an exposed adjustment barrel.
    • Valve body made of casted bronze.
    • Field adjustable.
    • Adjustment instructions printed on the valve body.
    • Numbers etched into the adjustment barrel refer to approximate PSI at zero flow.

    Urfa Pressure Reducing Valve

    • Similar to Giacomini valve.
    • Field adjustable valve with an adjustment barrel covered by a Lexan anti-tamper shield.
    • Adjustment instructions printed on the anti-tamper shield.
    • Holes in the adjustment barrel for adjustment rod use.

    Zurn Pressure Reducing Valve

    • Large valve with a long stem and hand wheel for opening and closing.
    • Removable bonnet.
    • Field adjustable.
    • To adjust, remove the hand wheel assembly (bonnet) and access adjustment nut.

    First Generation High-Rises (1860s-1920s)

    • Constructed with heavy load-bearing exterior walls made of brick or stone.
    • Many buildings had cast iron facades, columns, and wrought iron beams.
    • Floors were typically constructed of wood, which proved to be the weak link in these buildings, leading to numerous collapses.
    • Vertical openings, such as stairwells, elevators, and light wells, were generally unprotected.
    • The Monadnock Building in Chicago is the tallest load-bearing structure in the world, standing at 16 stories tall with walls at the base reaching up to six feet thick.

    Second Generation High-Rises (1930s-1940s)

    • Also known as Pre-World War II Construction.
    • Marked the beginning of protected steel frame construction.
    • Employed fire-resistive assemblies, shaft enclosures, increased compartmentalization, and non-combustible materials.
    • Masonry enclosed all metal structural members.
    • Vertical shafts were enclosed in masonry and tile.
    • Floors were made of concrete over brick or hollow tile arches.
    • Floor areas were smaller and subdivided to allow for better access to natural light and ventilation.

    Third Generation High-Rises (1945-1965)

    • Known as Post-World War II Construction.
    • Featured lighter weight construction with fire-resistive coatings.
    • Utilized steel framework with a core-type construction (Center Core).
    • Floors were constructed of corrugated metal with poured concrete on top.
    • Exterior walls were typically made of glass or stone.
    • HVAC systems created sealed buildings, making ventilation challenging and reliant on positive pressure.
    • The Stack Effect significantly influences smoke movement in these buildings.

    Third Generation High-Rises - Tubular (1965-Present)

    • Enabled the construction of "super tall buildings" (100 stories and higher).
    • Examples include the Sears Tower (now Willis Tower) in Chicago and the World Trade Center in New York City.
    • The Sears Tower employed a bundled tubular construction, with columns along the exterior connecting back to the core.
    • The exterior framing is designed to withstand lateral loads, allowing the interior to be framed for gravity loads.

    Fourth Generation High-Rises (2001-Present)

    • Known as Post 9/11 Construction.
    • The Freedom Tower in New York City at the site of the World Trade Center exemplifies this new style.
    • Emphasizes more robust construction with reinforced concrete center core walls up to six feet thick.
    • Moves away from lightweight steel bar joist construction.
    • Features heavily fortified stairway and elevator enclosures designed to resist smoke, fires, explosions, and collapses, creating more refuge areas for occupants.
    • Examples of next generation construction styles include Stayed Mast and Buttressed Core.

    High-Rise Operations Overview

    • High-Rise Run Card Assignments outline the specific roles and equipment needs of various groups deployed during a high-rise emergency.
    • The groups include Fire Attack, USE (Upper Search and Evacuation), Lobby Control/Systems, RIT (Rapid Intervention Team), Medical, and Incident Command.

    Fire Alarm Classifications

    • Fire Alarm “A” (FA): Single company response for low life hazard occupancies.
    • Fire Alarm “B” (FAB): Multiple company response for high life hazard occupancies.
    • Fire Alarm “High-Rise” (FAH): Multiple company response for commercial and residential occupancies greater than six stories.

    High-Rise Incident Response

    • The initial response to a high-rise fire includes four engines, two ladders, one rescue, two battalion chiefs, one medic, and one EMSO.
    • The working fire assignment adds two engines, two ladders, one EMSO, and one medic to the initial response.
    • The initial companies arriving at the scene form the Fire Attack, Lobby Control/Systems, USE, RIT, Medical, and Command groups.

    Fire Attack Group

    • Comprised of the first two engines and the first ladder company.
    • Includes seven firefighters during daylight hours, with two additional firefighters added after 8 PM.
    • Responsible for fire suppression, search and rescue, forcible entry, and ladder recon.
    • Engine companies bring high-rise hose packs, nozzles, forcible entry tools, ropes, TICs, radios, status boards, passports and standpipe kits.
    • Ladder companies bring pike poles, a water can, forcible entry tools (including hydraulic tools), ropes, TICs, radios, passports and status boards.

    Lobby Control/Systems Group

    • Formed by the third engine company.
    • Responsible for accountability, passport collection, elevator operation, pump room checks, stairwell access, communication equipment distribution, and building system maintenance.
    • Carries status boards, ICS forms, high-rise hose packs, nozzles, forcible entry tools, ropes, TICs, multi-gas monitors, radios, passports, and standpipe kits.

    USE Group - Upper Search/Evacuation

    • Consists of the second ladder company and first rescue company.
    • Primary responsibility is search and rescue, prioritizing the Attack Stairwell, Evacuation Stairwell, floor above the fire, top floor, elevators, and other areas.
    • Utilizes ropes, TICs, wide-area search techniques, and ventilation equipment.
    • Transports victims to the Casualty Collection Point (CCP) at least two floors below the fire floor.
    • Carries forcible entry tools, ropes, TICs, gas monitors, water cans, and passports.

    RIT Group

    • Comprised of the fourth engine company.
    • Stages on the floor below the fire, providing support and backup for the Fire Attack Group.
    • Bring high-rise hose packs, nozzles, forcible entry tools, ropes, TICs, radios, passports, standpipe kits, Pak Trackers, and additional equipment as required.

    Medical Group

    • Led by the EMS supervisor.
    • Primarily focused on victim care, establishing a CCP at least two floors below the fire floor.
    • Operates in full PPE when working above the lobby.
    • Carries full PPE, SCBA, all EMS equipment, triage tags, and victim accountability equipment.

    Incident Command

    • First Chief (Incident Commander): Responsible for overall command, incident action plan, talk group assignments, and maintains accountability and incident layout diagrams.
    • Second Chief (Forward Area): Operates in full PPE with a large status board and radios, reporting to the Incident Commander from the floor below the fire, supervising fire and rescue operations.
    • Working Fire Assignment: Additional crews deployed to backfill, form new groups, or bolster existing teams.

    Multiple Alarm Companies

    • Assigned by the Incident Commander.
    • Stage in designated areas following staging SOPs.
    • Utilize passports when operating in a hazard zone.

    Fire Attack Group Formation

    • The Fire Attack Group is composed of the first two engines and first ladder.
    • Crews gather near the elevators and carry all necessary equipment.
    • The group locates the Fire Control Room to determine the floor of the fire and retrieve keys.
    • If the fire floor is within walking distance, crews use stairs.
    • If the fire floor is out of walking distance, crews use elevators with firefighter recall service.

    Elevator Discipline

    • Phase I recalls elevators to the lobby or floor of egress, is activated in the elevator lobby or Fire Control Room.
    • Phase II allows firefighters to control the elevator from within the car.
    • During Phase II, doors must be operated manually, firefighters can select their floor of travel.
    • Safety stops should be used every five floors.

    Elevator Guidelines

    • Do not overload elevators; four to six firefighters is the general capacity.
    • Do not use elevators without firefighter recall service.
    • Do not use freight elevators unless familiar with trash collection policy.
    • Do not leave elevator keys in the car.
    • Use the car hold feature to keep the car and keys on the floor firefighters exited on.
    • Leave keys in the car’s key slot and turn Phase II off to allow Phase I to recall the car to the lobby.
    • Exit the elevator two floors below the fire floor to locate stairs.

    Lobby Control/Systems Operations

    • Third engine is responsible for Lobby Control, which can be a continuation of the Fire Attack Group's role.
    • Establish lobby accountability and collect a passport from each crew entering the building.
    • Assign a firefighter to operate elevators and shuttle crews to the resource floor.
    • Send a firefighter to check the fire pump status and report findings.
    • Locate stairwell access and building engineer.
    • Locate and distribute in-house communication equipment and master keys.
    • Control building systems like HVAC, electrical, and gas shut offs.
    • Split Lobby Control into two groups to handle accountability/elevator operation and building systems/communications.

    Driver Duties/FDC Procedures

    • Ladder driver sets up aerial for fire attack/rescue or joins the crew if the ladder is not needed.
    • Engine drivers locate the FDC and nearest hydrant.
    • One engine connects to the hydrant with 5" hose and two 3" lines to the other engine.
    • One engine connects to the FDC with high-pressure hose.
    • Remove any Storz adaptors from the engine outlet and connect the high-pressure hose using NST threads for safer connection.

    Connecting to the FDC

    • Inspect the FDC before hooking up, remove plugs, inspect the swivel, check gaskets, remove any debris.
    • If there are multiple inlets on the FDC, remove all plugs.
    • Make all hose connections spanner tight.
    • Fill the FDC lines with water and remain at idle pressure.

    Pumping the FDC

    • Remain at idle pressure unless the building’s system is inadequate.
    • Start pumping immediately for a dry system.
    • If the system is functioning, the FDC engine should standby at idle recirculating water.
    • Increase pump pressure if the system pressure is lacking or crews request higher pressures.
    • To take over the pumping duties from the building’s fire pump, the FDC engine must pump higher than the building’s system pressure.
    • The system pressure is the discharge pressure of the building’s fire pump while running; this number is different for every building.
    • Pre-1993 buildings require 65 PSI residual pressure at the most remote outlet flowing 500 GPM.
    • Post-1993 buildings require 100 PSI residual pressure at the most remote outlet flowing 500 GPM.
    • Send a member from the Lobby Control Group to the pump room to check the building’s fire pump status and discharge pressure.

    Determining Fire Pump Pressure

    • Slowly increase pump pressure until flow is seen on the outlet gauge.
    • This indicates water has overcome the clapper valve on the FDC inlet to the building’s system and has started moving water into the building.
    • If the gauge flow meter doesn't work, slowly increase pressure until a residual pressure drop is seen on the master intake gauge.
    • When firefighters pump into the FDC, they are the sole source of water for that system.
    • Opening the FDC’s internal clappers to deliver water also closes a clapper near the fire pump, preventing the building’s water supply from contaminating the domestic water system.
    • If crews upstairs call for more pressure, the FDC pump operator will need to pump the building's system pressure plus additional pressure.

    Alternate Options for an OOS FDC

    • Using a first-floor standpipe outlet as an inlet is only possible if the outlet does not have a PRV.
    • Supplying through a test head discharge requires opening a valve in the pump room to allow water flow.
    • An aerial ladder or platform can be used as an elevated waterway only if no rescue is required from the exterior.
    • A well stretch involves stretching a supply line up an internal stairwell and attaching an appliance to the line.

    Medical Group Operations

    • The first arriving medic may be utilized to assist the Lobby Control Group.
    • Wear full PPE and SCBA for versatility.
    • First EMS Supervisor establishes the Medical Group/Branch, manages all aspects of EMS/victim care.
    • Wear full PPE and SCBA for versatility.
    • Set up a separate triage and treatment area at ground level.

    Command Location

    • First arriving battalion chief takes Fixed Command of the incident.
    • Command post location is flexible.

    Command Post Locations

    • Lobby Command:
      • Allows the Incident Commander (I/C) to directly communicate with crews entering the building
      • Provides access to building engineers and in-house communication equipment
      • Limited view of the building's exterior for situational assessment
    • Exterior Command:
      • Located behind the Battalion Chief vehicle, providing a clear view of the building's exterior
      • Keeps the I/C away from the chaos of the lobby
      • Offers access to the command board and multiple radio channels

    Digital Vehicular Repeater System (DVRS)

    • Purpose:
      • Overcome communication issues in high-rise buildings by acting as a portable radio tower.
      • Reinforces radio signals by relaying them to the nearest radio tower.
    • Operation:
      • Carried on Battalion Chief (BC) and SO-2 vehicles.
      • Three modes: Off, Local Mode (straight line communication), and System Mode (signal boosting).
      • Four available channels: CFD DVRS, 7TAC51 DVRS, 7MED65, and 7MED66.
      • CFD DVRS and 7TAC51 DVRS channels are available in distinct zones (B1 CFD DVRS, B1 7TAC51 DVRS, B2 CFD DVRS, B2 7TAC51 DVRS, etc.).
      • Only one DVRS unit can operate on the same frequency within two miles.
    • Setup:
      • The BC communicates the chosen DVRS channel to fireground companies.
      • The BC places a directional magnetic antenna on the vehicle, facing the incident.
      • Portable radios are adjusted to select the assigned DVRS channel (e.g., B5 CFD DVRS for fireground channel B5).
      • A second DVRS unit (e.g., B5 7TAC51 DVRS) can be used to create a second channel if needed.
    • Additional Considerations:
      • Mayday procedures using DVRS channels are not formalized and require discussion between firefighters and Battalion Chiefs.
      • The DVRS is a valuable tool to overcome communication issues during high-rise operations.

    ### Resource Floor

    • The Resource Floor is below the fire floor, crews arrive here for staging and extra equipment.
    • The Resource Group operates on the resource floor, which includes, SCBA bottles, hose packs, hand tools, and lights.
    • The Resource Group Supervisor keeps track of unit activity.
    • The Operations Chief moves back and forth from the resource floor and the fire floor.
    • The Rehab area is on the resource floor, with one medic crew assigned.
    • The Casualty Collection Point (CCP) is on the Resource Floor.
    • One Medic crew is assigned to the CCP.
    • The USE Group brings victims to the CCP for triage.

    Below the Fire Floor

    • The Fire Attack Group starts on the floor below the fire, which also houses Accountability.
    • The first two engines and one ladder company make up the Fire Attack Group
    • The ladder company searches for the fire and determines the best stairwell for fire attack.
    • The ladder company designates the Attack Stairwell and the Evacuation Stairwell.
    • Victims are removed using the designated Evacuation Stairwell.
    • The USE Group search and removes any found victims.
    • The floor below should be searched for alternate stairwells for the engine companies.

    Residential High Rises

    • Residential high-rises have similar floor layouts, making it easy to anticipate the location of rooms and features.
    • For example, apartment 705 will be directly below 805.

    Commercial High Rises

    • Commercial high-rises often have different floor plans for each floor.
    • Stairwells, elevator shafts, and utility chases remain consistent.

    Hose Stretch

    • Consists of seven to nine firefighters.
    • The Fire Attack Group Supervisor assigns hose team positions.
    • The Nozzle Firefighter stretches the nozzle half of the hose pack, operates the nozzle, and is responsible for the nozzle reaction.
    • The Back-up Firefighter removes kinks in hose and moves it to the outside.
    • Door Firefighters assist in moving hose and opening the door.
    • The Control Firefighter operates the hose outlet, flakes out remaining hose, and monitors the pressure.

    Control Firefighter

    • The Control Firefighter must identify if a PRD or PRV is present and how to properly operate each.
    • It is important to identify the type of PRV prior to operating.
    • Flushing the standpipe is essential before hooking up the hose to remove debris.
    • The Control Firefighter must set the pressure by adjusting the gate valve to achieve desired pressure.
    • The system should be flushed for 3 to 5 seconds per floor.

    Troubleshooting Standpipe Pressure

    • If desired pressure cannot obtained, inform the Fire Attack Group Supervisor and request the FDC engines start pumping.
    • An under pumped 2” line can still effectively deliver water.
    • Consider using a smaller tip on the nozzle to increase pressure.

    Hose Advance

    • Clear the Attack Stairwell of any civilians and secure the door before advancing.
    • The team moves forward in a controlled manner, communicating distances to each other.
    • The nozzle should be fully open and moving during advance.
    • Pre-load areas with hose during static positions to ensure a smooth advance.

    2 ½” Hose Line Options

    • Use 2 ½” hose in high-rise fires for increased flow and knock-down power.
    • Consider using Indy Stack tips with the 2 ½” hose.
    • MQA or RAM can provide up to 500 GPM and are more suitable for open floor plans.
    • Remove any stream straighteners on the MQA or RAM to reduce the chance of clogging from standpipe debris.

    The Stack Effect

    • The stack effect is the natural movement of air within a building due to temperature and pressure differences between the inside and outside.
    • High-rise buildings act like chimneys with vertical shafts (elevator banks, stairwells) acting as flues and lobby entrances acting as dampers.
    • Warm air rises and cool air descends in buildings, creating a natural draft.
    • Stack effect can be pronounced during hot or cold weather, especially in tall buildings.
    • The neutral pressure plane is typically located between half and two-thirds of the building height, where the pressure differential between inside and outside the building is almost even.
    • Summer Stack Effect:
      • The building's HVAC system cools the interior, pulling cool air out of the building through open doors.
      • Open lobby doors can allow smoke from a fire below the neutral pressure plane to be drawn downward through the core of the building.
    • Winter Stack Effect:
      • Cold air outside rushes into the building through open doors, creating an upward draft within the shafts.
      • Opening stairwell doors can create a "smoke tower" effect, drawing smoke and fire from the fire floor into the stairwell.

    Impact of Stack Effect on Firefighting

    • Opening lobby doors during a fire in a high-rise building can worsen smoke conditions on lower floors due to reverse stack effect.
    • Smoke migration and contamination can occur in stairwells, elevators shafts, and mail chutes due to stack effect.
    • Ventilation tactics should consider the stack effect, as opening stairwell doors for ventilation can worsen smoke conditions in the stairwell.
    • The choice of attack stairwell is crucial, as using smoke/fire towers as the primary attack route can be dangerous due to the chimney effect.
    • The stack effect can impact the safety of occupants, especially during evacuations, as smoke and fire can be drawn towards the core areas where people are congregating.

    Importance of Understanding Stack Effect

    • Building design and features should account for the stack effect when designing buildings, to control air movement and minimize smoke travel.
    • Firefighters need to understand the stack effect to make informed decisions regarding ventilation, attack stairwell selection, and occupant safety.
    • Operational strategies should be adjusted based on weather conditions and building design to mitigate the risks posed by the stack effect.

    Carbon Monoxide and High Rise Fires

    • Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous gas, lighter than air, that rises quickly and can accumulate in stairwells and elevators.
    • A 2% CO concentration in air can be fatal in two minutes.
    • Upper floors are especially susceptible to CO poisoning.
    • In the past 10 years, multiple fatalities have occurred in stairwells well above the fire floor.
    • During the summer, air conditioning can lead to stratification, where smoke levels off on upper floors.

    Stack Effect

    • The stack effect is the upward movement of air due to temperature differences between inside and outside of a building.
    • Cold weather can create a dramatic stack effect, pushing smoke upwards quickly.
    • In the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, smoke traveled 112 floors and almost 1,400 feet in less than five minutes due to the stack effect.
    • The stack effect can be mitigated by managing the opening and closing of lobby and stairwell doors.

    Venturi Effect

    • The Venturi effect occurs when air is forced through a narrowing space, increasing its speed and reducing its pressure.
    • This can occur in stairwells, especially if a window is left open.
    • The Venturi effect can create a wind tunnel effect, increasing smoke movement and making stairwells unsafe for evacuation.

    Reverse Stack Effect

    • The reverse stack effect occurs when air is drawn down into a building, typically due to HVAC systems.
    • This can create a "winter stack effect" in the summer, if there is a large open area below a grade-level entrance.
    • In tall buildings, air rushing up stair shafts can create back pressure at the top, making it difficult to open exit doors.

    Fire Control Room

    • The Fire Control Room is the central control hub for a building's fire protection systems.
    • Firefighters can control the smoke system and elevator recall, and make public address announcements.
    • The Control Room typically houses the full control annunciator panel, remote fire panel, elevator control panel, smoke control panel, and building communication systems.

    Stairwell Design

    • There are three main types of stairwells: return stairs, scissor stairs, and access stairs.
    • Return stairs are the most common, with entrance and exit on the same side of the stairwell.
    • Scissor stairs are installed in pairs with a fire rated wall separating them.
    • Access stairs are not enclosed or fire rated and provide access to multiple floors for a single tenant.

    Building Communication Systems

    • Building PA systems should be used to direct occupants and facilitate a controlled evacuation.
    • Firefighters should differentiate between attack stairwells and evacuation stairwells when communicating evacuation instructions.

    Fire Department Handsets

    • Emergency communication system for buildings
    • Used when radio communication is impossible
    • Available in hardwired and portable versions
    • Located near stairwells
    • All supervisors receive them if portable
    • Requires activation from the control room

    Fire Phone Control Panel

    • Rack of handsets in a central location
    • Allows for communication between all members of the fire department when in use
    • Lights up the location of each member on the panel

    Fire Pump Room

    • Called the "heart" of the fire protection system
    • Located in the basement, near the Fire Department Connection (FDC), or in a designated pump room
    • Connected to the domestic water supply system
    • Delivers high-pressure water through the fire protection system
    • Powered by electric or diesel motors

    Pump Room Components

    • Fire Pumps: Multiple zones for larger buildings, 3-stage pumps (High Zone) and single-stage pumps (Low Zone)
    • Jockey Pumps: Maintain pressure within the standpipe system at all times, activated for small pressure drops
    • Pump Controls: Monitor pressure, activate the fire pump automatically in case of pressure drops, include emergency power disconnects for safety

    Standpipe Systems

    • Standpipe Classifications:
      • Class 1: Fire Department use only, with 2 ½” outlets located in stairwells
      • Class 2: Civilian use, with 1 ½” outlets and 100’ of hose, located in hallway cabinets, limited flow of 100 GPM
      • Class 3: Combination of civilian and fire department use, with both 2 ½” and 1 ½ ” outlets, located in hallway cabinets, may have hose in the cabinet

    Standpipe System Types

    • Automatic Wet Standpipe System: Always filled with water, connected to the fire pump
    • Automatic Dry Standpipe System: Filled with pressurized air, connected to the fire pump, piping can be located in lower temperatures
    • Manual Wet Standpipe System: Always filled with water, connected to the domestic water supply, requires fire department to pump the FDC for added pressure
    • Manual Dry Standpipe System: No water in the system, requires fire department to establish water supply and pump the FDC, common in parking garages and remote buildings
    • Combination Standpipe and Sprinkler System: Uses water from the standpipe riser for the sprinkler system, one FDC connection for both systems

    Fire Department Connection (FDC) Types

    • Wall Mounted FDC: Dual or multiple inlets, specific for standpipe, sprinkler, or combination systems
    • Single Zone or Multi Zone FDC: 2 ½” or 5” inlets (5” for higher volume delivery)
    • Post Mount FDC: Used when wall mounting is not possible, limited accessibility areas

    Elevator Control Room

    • Contains all elevator controls
    • Accessible for power shut-off during occupant removal
    • Traction elevator controls: located above hoistways, on the ground floor or basement, or in a penthouse on the roof
    • Hydraulic elevator controls: located in the basement or behind the elevator entrance on the lowest floor
    • MRLs (Machine Room-less): All motors are built into the hoistway, newer installations may not have control rooms

    Elevator Car Considerations

    • Smoke detector activation is important to assess potential hazards
    • Smoke from a fire in the elevator motor could appear in the elevator shaft, even though there is no visible fire

    Backup Generators

    • Provide power to emergency lighting, fire pumps, elevators, and fire control room
    • Typically diesel powered with a fixed fuel supply
    • Located in basements or power supply rooms
    • Activated by automatic transfer switch when municipal power fails

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    Test your knowledge on the essential tools and equipment used by pump operators, specifically focusing on the FDC (Fire Department Connection) bag. This quiz covers the various tools, their uses, and the importance of maintaining proper connections. Ideal for aspiring firefighters and current professionals.

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