Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the four major components of respiration?

Diffusion of gases, transport of gases in the blood, regulation of ventilation, pulmonary ventilation

What is the main function of respiration?

To provide oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide

How are the lungs expanded and contracted?

By upward and downward movement of the diaphragm

What is the process that involves the inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and lung alveoli?

Pulmonary ventilation Signup and view all the answers

Which component of respiration involves the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body fluids to and from the body’s tissue cells?

Transport of gases in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and the blood?

Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of normal quiet breathing?

Contraction of the diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which type of alveolar epithelial cells secrete surfactant?

Type II alveolar epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of perinatal mortality in premature newborns?

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to record pulmonary volume movement?

Spirometry Signup and view all the answers

What does the tidal volume represent in pulmonary volumes?

Volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the collective normal respiratory functions performed by the nasal cavities as air passes through the nose?

Air-conditioning function Signup and view all the answers

By how much does the temperature of the inspired air rise to before it reaches the trachea?

Within 1°C of body temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hairs at the entrance to the nostrils in the respiratory system?

Filtering out large particles Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the conchae and septum in the respiratory system?

Warming and humidifying inspired air Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the collective functions of warming and humidifying inspired air in the upper respiratory passageways?

Nasal conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for warming and humidifying inspired air?

Nasal cavities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for the greatest amount of resistance to airflow?

Larger bronchioles and bronchi near the trachea Signup and view all the answers

What can cause mild to moderate constriction of the bronchioles when activated?

Parasympathetic nerves Signup and view all the answers

What may worsen a condition of bronchiolar constriction caused by a disease process like asthma?

Nervous stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which substances are often active in causing bronchiolar constriction in the lungs?

Histamine and slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cilia in the lungs?

To clear the respiratory passages Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cough reflex?

To clear foreign matter from lower respiratory passages Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex applies to the nasal passageways instead of the lower respiratory passages?

Sneeze reflex Signup and view all the answers

What causes obstructive constriction of the airways directly by initiating local, non-nervous reactions?

Irritants like smoke and dust Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after first filling the lungs to their maximum extent and then expiring to the maximum extent?

Vital capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the total lung capacity equal to?

Vital capacity plus residual volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate importance of pulmonary ventilation?

To renew the air in the gas exchange areas of the lungs continually Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal dead space air in a young man?

About 150 ml Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the total measurement of physiological dead space?

Alveolar dead space Signup and view all the answers

What is alveolar ventilation per minute equal to?

$VA = Freq * VT - VD$ Signup and view all the answers

What keeps the bronchioles expanded mainly?

The same transpulmonary pressures that expand the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is minute respiratory volume equal to?

Tidal volume times respiratory rate per minute Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate importance of the filtration function of the nose in the respiratory system?

To filter out large particles from the air Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the collective functions of warming and humidifying inspired air in the upper respiratory passageways?

Air-conditioning function Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of normal quiet breathing?

Diaphragmatic breathing Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how close to full saturation with water vapor does the inspired air rise to before reaching the trachea?

Within 2-3% of full saturation Signup and view all the answers

What is minute respiratory volume equal to?

Tidal volume times respiratory rate Signup and view all the answers

What may worsen a condition of bronchiolar constriction caused by a disease process like asthma?

Airborne allergens Signup and view all the answers

What keeps the bronchioles expanded mainly?

Smooth muscle relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Which component of respiration involves the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body fluids to and from the body’s tissue cells?

Internal respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the total measurement of physiological dead space?

Anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of perinatal mortality in premature newborns?

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Pulmonary Ventilation

The main functions of respiration are to provide oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide.
The four major components of respiration are:
- Pulmonary ventilation (inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and lung alveoli)
- Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood
- Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body fluids to and from the body's tissue cells
- Regulation of ventilation and other facets of respiration

Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation

The lungs can be expanded and contracted in two ways:
- Downward or upward movement of the diaphragm to lengthen or shorten the chest cavity
- Elevation or depression of the ribs to increase or decrease the anteroposterior diameter of the chest cavity
Normal quiet breathing is accomplished almost entirely by movement of the diaphragm
During inspiration, contraction of the diaphragm pulls the lower surfaces of the lungs downward

Surfactant, Surface Tension, and Collapse of the Alveoli

Surfactant is a surface-active agent that greatly reduces the surface tension of water in the alveoli
Surfactant is secreted by type II alveolar epithelial cells
Deficiency of lung surfactant in premature newborns causes respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Supplementing exogenous surfactants has completely altered neonatal care in industrialized countries