Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities Quiz

The primary inspiratory center in the brain stem, which doesn't change its basic rhythm, only the pattern.

A gradual increase in inspiratory neuron firing, causing smooth lung filling instead of gasping breaths.

Brain receptors sensitive to increasing CO2 and H+ levels in the blood, triggering a breathing response.

Blood vessel receptors sensitive to low O2 (hypoxia), triggering a breathing response.

Problems that reduce airway size, increasing airflow resistance, causing chronic airflow limitation.

A lung condition causing permanent enlargement of air sacs and destruction of alveolar walls, decreasing lung elasticity & gas exchange

Lung problems decreasing lung volume and causing decreased vital capacity while maintaining normal ratio of FEV1/FVC.

Lung problems causing decreased airflow, increased air trapping and a lowered FEV1/FVC ratio .

Inflammatory lung response with fluid buildup in alveoli, causing low blood oxygen levels (hypoxemia).

Factors increasing risk of community-acquired pneumonia, including age, vaccination history, chronic conditions, and exposure to respiratory illnesses.

Factors increasing risk of hospital-acquired pneumonia, such as pre-existing conditions, altered consciousness, use of respiratory aids, and weakened immune systems.

Pneumonia primarily caused by bacteria, often Streptococcus.

Ability of the lungs to expand and contract during breathing, reduced by pneumonia-related fluid.

Low blood oxygen levels due to impaired gas exchange in pneumonia-affected lung regions.

Pneumonia that develops from inhaling foreign substances into the lungs

Blood infection resulting from bacteria reaching the bloodstream in pneumonia.

Symptoms include fever, headache, chills, myalgia, cough (except in older adults), tachypnea, tachycardia, dyspnea, decreased oxygen saturation, sputum production (may be absent in older adults), use of accessory muscles, crackles/wheezing, pleuritic pain, dehydration, hypotension, confusion (especially in older adults), increased fremitus, decreased resonance, and egophony (E-A change).

ALI (Acute Lung Injury) is a serious lung inflammation continuum resulting from internal or external pulmonary assaults. It can occur without ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome), which generally follows ALI. It's often caused by sepsis.

Direct causes of ALI include chest trauma, inhaled toxins, aspiration, near-drowning, fat embolism syndrome, pneumonia (including COVID), drug/chemical exposure, oxygen toxicity, and high-altitude sickness.

Indirect causes of ALI include sepsis (and SIRS), MODS (Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome), DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation), massive transfusions, pancreatitis, and wide-spread inflammation.

ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) is a severe respiratory insufficiency and inflammation. It's characterized by progressive hypoxemia (low blood oxygen) that's resistant to high oxygen therapy.

ALI (Acute Lung Injury) is acute inflammation and injury to the alveolocapillary membranes, disrupting the integrity of the endothelial/epithelial barrier. It's associated with any event disrupting this barrier and approximately 40% of ALI progresses to ARDS.

Decreased lung resonance is a sign in lung conditions where fewer air-filled spaces are present, often due to thickened alveolar walls. This reduces the transmission of sound waves through the lungs.

Increased fremitus is an indicator that sound waves travel better through denser tissue in the lungs, suggesting possible consolidation or fluid build-up. In the case of pneumonia or other diseases that cause swelling or thickening the transmission of vibrations through chest wall will be better.

Superficial sores on the lining of the digestive tract, sometimes with bleeding.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause ulcers by reducing the protective mucus layer in the stomach.

Poorly controlled diabetes often leads to gastroparesis, a condition of delayed stomach emptying.

Gastroparesis results in symptoms like vomiting, fullness after meals, nausea, and bloating; possibly constipation or diarrhea.

Hiatal hernias, where part of the stomach slides into the chest, have various types based on how much of the stomach is involved: sliding (Type 1), paraesophageal (Type 2), and others.

Hiatal hernias can be caused by congenital factors, age, or increased pressure in the abdomen.

Peptic ulcers commonly develop in the stomach and the beginning of the small intestine(duodenum).

Ulcers that penetrate deeper into the stomach wall are at higher risk of bleeding compared to superficial ulcers.

Organs that aid digestion but are not part of the digestive tract's main pathway. These include salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

The exocrine pancreas secretes digestive enzymes, ions, and water into the duodenum (small intestine), which aids in breaking down food.

The digestive tract has four layers: Mucosa (innermost), Submucosa, Muscularis (smooth muscle), and Serosa (outer).

The innermost layer of the GI tract containing epithelium, connective tissue, and a thin muscle layer; increases surface area for absorption, especially with villi.

The layer under the mucosa with nerves, blood vessels, and glands that release secretions into the intestinal lumen; important in regulating digestion.

The smooth muscle layer in the GI tract with an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer. This allows for contractions and peristalsis for moving food along the tract.

The outermost layer of the GI tract, composed of a smooth tissue layer. It reduces friction as it's against the organs.

A network of nerve plexuses within the submucosa and muscularis layers that controls movement and secretion in the digestive tract.

A blockage in the small or large intestine, causing partial or complete obstruction, usually identified by dilation (over 3cm).

The location where a dilated section of bowel changes to a compressed one.

Bleeding from the esophagus, stomach, or beginning of the small intestines (above the ligament of Treitz).

Bleeding from the small intestines (below the ligament of Treitz) or colon.

Inflammation and autodigestion of the pancreas usually caused by alcohol.

Gallstones, often cholesterol-based, can cause cholestasis.

Lack of peristalsis (bowel movement) due to low-flow states (or other disruptions).

Bowel obstructions can be caused by adhesions, tumors, hernias, intussusception, volvulus, and intaluminar lesions.