Ch 12 Respiration
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Questions and Answers

What happens to the intrapleural cavity pressure during inspiration?

  • It decreases (correct)
  • It fluctuates
  • It increases
  • It remains constant

    • What is the average volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute during normal quiet breathing?

  • 20 liters
  • 6 liters (correct)
  • 1 liter
  • 12 liters

    • What is the purpose of a Spirometer?

  • To measure heart rate
  • To measure lung capacities (correct)
  • To measure blood pressure
  • To measure body temperature

    • What is the average inspiratory reserve volume?

    <p>3,000 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate inspiratory capacity?

    <p>IC = VC - ERV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average vital capacity?

    <p>5,000 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

    <p>It relaxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of air that is always left in the lungs after expiration?

    <p>Residual volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between pressure and volume according to Boyle's law?

    <p>Inversely proportional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the intraalveolar pressure during inspiration?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of exchanging air between the atmosphere and the alveoli called?

    <p>Pulmonary ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the thoracic volume during expiration?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the decrease in intraalveolar pressure during inspiration?

    <p>Air moves into the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract during inspiration?

    <p>Nerve impulses from the medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the intraalveolar pressure during expiration?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the increase in intraalveolar pressure during expiration?

    <p>Air moves out of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total amount of air that the lungs can contain, including residual volume?

    <p>6,000 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the amount of air remaining in the bronchial tree that is not involved in gas exchange?

    <p>Anatomic dead space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the total amount of air in the lungs that is not involved in gas exchange?

    <p>Physiologic dead space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors stimulates normal breathing?

    <p>Relaxing of the lungs and thoracic walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperventilation on carbon dioxide concentration?

    <p>It decreases carbon dioxide concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low blood PO2 on alveolar ventilation?

    <p>It increases alveolar ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of stretching of tissues on inspiration?

    <p>It inhibits inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high blood Pco2 on alveolar ventilation?

    <p>It increases alveolar ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the tract from the trachea to the tertiary bronchi?

    <p>Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the diaphragm?

    <p>To facilitate the control of thoracic volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do the primary bronchi to tertiary bronchi need cartilage rings for support?

    <p>Due to the large diameter of the tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate total surface area of the 300 million alveoli?

    <p>Similar to a tennis court</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Gas law, what is the direction of gas molecule diffusion?

    <p>From a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lining tissue in the bronchioles?

    <p>Cuboidal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is diffusion not possible in the bronchioles?

    <p>Because the lining tissue is cuboidal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of most of the bronchial tree?

    <p>Inside the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the thin space between the two pleural membranes?

    <p>To minimize friction between the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the membranous sacs that surround the lungs?

    <p>Pleura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of surfactant in the lungs?

    <p>To facilitate the surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the path of air through the respiratory system?

    <p>External nares → nasal cavity → nasaopharynx → laryngopharynx → larynx → trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thoracic cavity?

    <p>To house the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sac-like structures where gas exchange occurs?

    <p>Alveolar sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pleural fluid?

    <p>To minimize friction between the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of Hb saturation at an O2 partial pressure of about 80 mmHg?

    <p>98%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in O2 pressure on the O2-Hb dissociation curve?

    <p>Shifts the curve to the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of CO2 that is dissolved in the blood plasma?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon called when the O2-Hb dissociation curve shifts to the right?

    <p>Bohr effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme that breaks down carbonic acid into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Hb saturation level as the O2 partial pressure increases?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where the O2-Hb dissociation curve shifts to the left?

    <p>Haldane effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid in erythrocytes?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to H+ ions in the blood?

    <p>They bind with Hb to prevent affecting blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of carbon monoxide (CO) binding to hemoglobin?

    <p>Hemoglobin is no longer available for O2 transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the absence or deficiency of O2 in tissues?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical term for difficulty in breathing?

    <p>Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which HCO3- diffuses into blood plasma?

    <p>Ionic balance with chloride anion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of incomplete combustion of fuels?

    <p>CO formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the collapse of a lung or a portion of it?

    <p>Atelectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for excess oxygenation of the blood?

    <p>Hyperoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen is transported by binding to hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

    <p>98%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in blood CO2 concentration on oxyhemoglobin?

    <p>It releases more oxygen to tissue cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the curve that shows the efficiency of oxyhemoglobin releasing oxygen to tissue cells during internal respiration?

    <p>Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a decrease in blood pH on oxyhemoglobin?

    <p>It releases more oxygen to tissue cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen is dissolved in the blood plasma?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the Haldane effect?

    <p>Carbon dioxide is transported more efficiently in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an increase in blood temperature on oxyhemoglobin?

    <p>It releases more oxygen to tissue cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>To show the efficiency of oxyhemoglobin releasing oxygen to tissue cells during internal respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pulmonary Ventilation

    • During inspiration, factors decrease the intrapleural cavity pressure, allowing air to flow into the lungs.
    • Diaphragm contraction and rib movement increase the thoracic volume, decreasing intrapleural pressure, and air flows into the lungs.
    • During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes, ribs are pulled down, increasing intrapleural pressure, and air moves out of the lungs.

    Lung Capacities

    • Tidal volume (TV): amount of air moving in and out of the lungs during normal breathing (average value: 500 ml).
    • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inspiration (average value: 3,000 ml).
    • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): amount of air that can be exhaled after normal expiration (average value: 1,100 ml).
    • Inspiratory capacity (IC): total amount of air that can be inhaled (average value: 4,000 ml).
    • Vital capacity (VC): total amount of air that can be exhaled (average value: 5,000 ml).
    • Residual volume (RV): amount of air always left in the lungs after expiration.

    Inspiration and Expiration

    • Inspiration is an active process where nerve impulses cause diaphragm and external intercostals muscle contraction, increasing thoracic volume, and decreasing intraalveolar pressure.
    • Expiration is a passive process where elastic tissues of the lungs and diaphragm recoil to their original position, decreasing thoracic volume, and increasing intraalveolar pressure.

    Control of Breathing

    • Four major factors affect normal breathing: stretching of the lungs and thoracic walls, O2 level in the blood, CO2 level in the blood, and H+ level in the blood.
    • Chemicals, emotional state, and other factors also affect breathing.

    The Respiratory Tract

    • The bronchial tree is a tree-like branching tube system extending from the trachea into the lungs.
    • The respiratory tract changes histologically along its length, with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the trachea, cuboidal epithelium in the bronchioles, and simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli.

    Functions of The Respiratory System

    • To allow gases from the environment to enter the bronchial tree through inspiration.
    • To allow gas exchange to occur at the respiratory membrane, so that oxygen diffuses into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses into the bronchial tree.
    • To permit gases in the lungs to be eliminated through expiration by decreasing the thoracic volume.

    General Anatomy of The Respiratory System

    • Consists of a tube that divides into small branching tubes in the lungs: External nares → nasal cavity → nasopharynx → laryngopharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → lungs.

    Lungs

    • Cone-shaped organs located in the thoracic cavity, lined with visceral pleura, with the parietal pleura lining the thoracic cavity.
    • The pleural cavity is filled with a clear fluid called plural fluid, which minimizes friction between the tissues and provides surface tension.

    Oxygen Transport in the Blood

    • Each hemoglobin (Hb) molecule can bind up to four oxygen (O2) molecules.
    • At approximately 40 mmHg of O2, roughly 75% of Hb is saturated.
    • At approximately 80 mmHg of O2, close to 98% of Hb is saturated, and the curve becomes flattened beyond this point where only about 98-99% of Hb can be saturated.

    Factors Affecting O2-Hb Dissociation Curve

    • Four main factors that can shift the O2-Hb dissociation curve:
      • Decrease in O2 pressure shifts the curve to the right.
      • Increase in CO2 pressure shifts the curve to the right.
      • Decrease in pH of blood (more acidic) shifts the curve to the right.
      • Increase in body temperature shifts the curve to the right.

    Bohr and Haldane Effects

    • When the dissociation curve shifts to the right, it is called the Bohr effect, where less Hb saturation occurs and more O2 is released from oxyhemoglobin.
    • When the dissociation curve shifts to the left, it is called the Haldane effect, where more Hb saturation occurs and less O2 is released.

    Carbon Dioxide Transport

    • 7% of CO2 is dissolved in the blood plasma.
    • 23% of CO2 binds with hemoglobin in erythrocytes, forming carbaminohemoglobin.
    • 70% of CO2 reacts with water and forms carbonic acid in erythrocytes, which is broken down by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase to form hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion.

    Alveolar Gas Exchange

    • Gas exchanges between the air and the blood occur within the alveoli.
    • The alveoli are tiny sacs clustered at the distal ends of alveolar ducts.
    • The respiratory membrane consists of the alveolar and capillary walls.
    • Gas exchange takes place through these walls.
    • O2 diffuses from the alveolar air into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveolar air.

    Pulmonary vs. Systemic Capillaries

    • In pulmonary capillaries:
      • O2 enters the capillaries from the alveoli.
      • CO2 enters the alveoli from the capillaries.
    • In systemic capillaries:
      • O2 enters the tissues from the capillaries.
      • CO2 enters the capillaries from the tissues.

    Gas Exchange at the Alveoli and Cells

    • 98% of O2 is transported by binding to hemoglobin in erythrocytes.
    • 2% of O2 is dissolved in the blood plasma.
    • The resulting oxyhemoglobin is relatively unstable and releases its O2 in regions where PO2 is low.

    Carbon Monoxide Transport

    • Carbon monoxide (CO) forms as a result of incomplete combustion of fuels.
    • CO combines with hemoglobin more readily than O2 and forms a stable compound.
    • CO is toxic because the hemoglobin with which it combines is no longer available for O2 transport.

    Clinical Terms

    • Anoxia: absence or deficiency of O2 within tissues.
    • Asphyxia: deficiency of O2 and excess of CO2 in the blood and tissues.
    • Atelectasis: collapse of a lung or some portion of it.
    • Bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial lining.
    • Cheyne-stokes respiration: irregular breathing pattern.
    • Dyspnea: difficulty in breathing.
    • Hyperoxia: excess oxygenation of the blood.
    • Hyperpnea: increase in the depth and rate of breathing.
    • Hypoxia: diminished availability of O2 in the tissues.
    • Pneumothorax: entrance of air into the space between the pleural membrane, followed by collapse of the lung.
    • Tachypnea: rapid, shallow breathing.
    • Asthma: dyspnea, wheezing, and other symptoms produced by obstruction of air flow through the bronchioles.
    • Lung cancer: leading cause of cancer death in the U.S., with smoking being the leading cause.

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    This quiz covers the process of pulmonary ventilation, including the factors that influence intrapleural cavity pressure, and the mechanics of inspiration and expiration.

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