Pulmonary Obstructive Diseases Overview
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Pulmonary Obstructive Diseases Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of obstructive airway disease in COPD?

  • Chronic exposure to irritants (correct)
  • Acute respiratory infections
  • The development of IgE antibodies
  • Genetic factors leading to lung dysfunction

    • Which of the following drugs is considered a xanthine?

  • Theophylline (correct)
  • Formoterol
  • Epinephrine
  • Albuterol

    • What effect do bronchodilators have in the treatment of respiratory conditions?

  • They specifically reduce inflammation
  • They neutralize IgE antibodies
  • They serve as antibiotics for lung infections
  • They dilate the airways to facilitate respiration (correct)

    • What is a significant risk associated with xanthine therapy?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of xanthines?

    <p>Respiratory dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main therapeutic action of sympathomimetics?

    <p>Mimic effects of the sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is commonly used for immediate relief of bronchospasm in asthma attacks?

    <p>Albuterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse effect is rarely associated with sympathomimetics?

    <p>Life-threatening paradoxical bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary indication for using xanthines?

    <p>Long-term management of COPD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sympathomimetics primarily affect respiration?

    <p>Increase the rate and depth of respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant caution regarding the use of xanthines in patients?

    <p>Pregnancy and lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which xanthines are believed to exert their therapeutic effect?

    <p>Mobilization of calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by increasing hypoxia and progressive loss of lung compliance?

    <p>Adult respiratory distress syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most commonly associated with the use of sympathomimetic drugs?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect associated with lung surfactants?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is NOT classified as an immune modulator for asthma treatment?

    <p>Cromolyn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic action of immune modulators?

    <p>Bind to specific receptors to decrease inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended administration route for most immune modulators?

    <p>Subcutaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug-drug interaction should be checked before administering immune modulators?

    <p>Warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main indication for lung surfactants?

    <p>Rescue treatment of infants with RDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the timing of lung surfactants' action after instillation?

    <p>Immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a contraindication for using immune modulators?

    <p>Hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is a known leukotriene receptor antagonist?

    <p>Montelukast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung surfactant has no contraindications listed?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effects are associated with theophylline toxicity?

    <p>Seizures and life-threatening arrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an indication for anticholinergics?

    <p>Immediate relief of acute asthma attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug would be considered an inhaled steroid?

    <p>Beclomethasone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary therapeutic action of leukotriene receptor antagonists?

    <p>Block the production of leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a common adverse effect of inhaled steroids?

    <p>Dry mouth and cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for using anticholinergics?

    <p>Known allergy to anticholinergics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhaled steroids primarily target which aspect of respiratory health?

    <p>Management of inflammatory processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential effect of theophylline levels exceeding 20 mcg/mL?

    <p>Nausea and tachyarrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate caution when prescribing leukotriene receptor antagonists?

    <p>Patients with hepatic impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following inhaled medications has the potential for systemic absorption and anticholinergic effects?

    <p>Ipratropium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the pharmacokinetics of inhaled steroids?

    <p>They are rapidly absorbed from the respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable warning associated with the long-term use of inhaled steroids?

    <p>Cataracts and osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mast cell stabilizers in treating respiratory conditions?

    <p>Blocking histamine release from mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following side effects is associated with leukotriene receptor antagonists?

    <p>Pharyngitis and headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pulmonary Obstructive Diseases

    • Asthma is associated with IgE antibodies to specific antigens.
    • IgE antibodies trigger the release of inflammatory chemicals from mast cells.
    • Inflammatory chemicals cause airway swelling and narrowing.
    • COPD most commonly results from chronic irritation.
    • COPD causes chronic inflammation and swelling in the airways.
    • Respiratory distress syndrome is an obstructive condition at the alveolar level.
    • Respiratory distress syndrome is seen in neonates.
    • Respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a lack of surfactant.
    • Adult respiratory distress syndrome is characterized by a loss of lung compliance and hypoxia.

    Bronchodilators

    • Bronchodilators dilate airways, facilitating respiration.
    • Bronchodilators help with symptomatic relief or prevention of bronchial asthma and bronchospasm in COPD.
    • Xanthines are a category of bronchodilators.
    • Sympathomimetics are another category of bronchodilators.
    • Anticholinergics are another class of bronchodilators.

    Xanthines

    • Xanthines are derived from natural sources.
    • Xanthines were once the primary treatment for asthma and bronchospasm.
    • Xanthines have a narrow safety margin and are no longer the first-line treatment option.
    • Examples of xanthines include caffeine, aminophylline, and theophylline.

    Sympathomimetics

    • Sympathomimetics mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
    • Sympathomimetics dilate bronchi and increase respiration rate and depth.
    • Examples of sympathomimetics include albuterol, arformoterol, ephedrine, epinephrine, formoterol, isoproterenol, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, olodaterol, salmeterol, and terbutaline.

    Anticholinergics

    • Anticholinergics are not as fast-acting as sympathomimetics.
    • Anticholinergics can provide maintenance treatment with fewer side effects.
    • Examples of anticholinergics include ipratropium, tiotropium, aclidinium, glycopyrrolate, revefenacin, and umeclidinium.

    Drugs Affecting Inflammation

    • Drugs affecting inflammation modulate the inflammatory process that causes airway swelling and narrowing.
    • Inhaled steroids are a type of drug that affects inflammation.
    • Mast cell stabilizers are another type of drug that affects inflammation.

    Inhaled Steroids

    • Inhaled steroids are effective for treating and preventing inflammation.
    • Examples of inhaled steroids include beclomethasone, budesonide, ciclesonide, fluticasone, and triamcinolone.

    Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists

    • Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists were developed to target inflammation specifically at the site of the problem associated with asthma.
    • Examples of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists include zafirlukast, montelukast, and zileuton.

    Immune Modulators

    • Immune Modulators are indicated for add-on maintenance therapy for moderate to severe asthma.
    • Examples of Immune Modulators include benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab, and reslizumab.

    Mast Cell Stabilizers

    • Mast Cell Stabilizers prevent the release of inflammatory and bronchoconstricting substances.
    • Cromolyn is the only available Mast Cell Stabilizer.
    • Mast Cell Stabilizers are no longer first-line treatment options due to the availability of more specific and safer drugs.

    Lung Surfactants

    • Lung Surfactants are naturally occurring compounds or lipoproteins.
    • Lung Surfactants contain lipids and apoproteins that reduce surface tension in the alveoli.
    • This allows for expansion of the alveoli for gas exchange.
    • Examples of Lung Surfactants include beractant, calfactant, and poractant.

    Answer to Question #2

    • There are no contraindications for using lung surfactants.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts related to pulmonary obstructive diseases such as asthma, COPD, and respiratory distress syndrome. This quiz covers the mechanisms of inflammation, the role of bronchodilators, and the impact of surfactant deficiency in neonates. Test your knowledge of these conditions and their treatments.

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