Public Health Interventions and Determinants

Health Interventions

• Primary prevention does not typically include community screening.
• Food hygiene and preventive immunization are examples of primary prevention.
• Chemoprophylaxis is a type of primary prevention.

Determinants of Health

• The level of health of a community depends on socioeconomic conditions, environment, and education.
• Healthcare, disease prevention, and rehabilitation are also important determinants of health.
• Intersectoral coordination, healthcare, and socioeconomic development are additional determinants.

Preventive Medicine

• Specific prevention focuses on a specific disease or group of diseases.
• Health protection is aimed at individuals, not the general population.
• Preventive medicine aimed at the masses is not equivalent to promotion.

Population Demographics

• Frite Index: SS indicates a bulb-type pyramid with high juvenile and senile dependency.
• A live birth is considered when a child is born alive.
• Crude birth rate is a good indicator for comparing countries with similar social structures.

Census and Data Collection

• Census collection is individualized, and variables collected include personal data and data about buildings.
• The responsibility of census collection lies with the municipality.
• The next census will be done in 2021.

Health Indicators

• The best indicator of health status is life expectancy at birth.
• Infant mortality and maternal mortality are also important indicators of health status.
• The synthetic fertility index is a measure of the average number of children per woman at the end of her fertile life.

Fetal and Infant Mortality

• Fetal mortality includes deaths from conception to birth.
• Infant mortality includes deaths from birth to the first year of life.
• Fetal mortality rates are not the same as infant mortality rates.

Health Education

• The most receptive to health education are people with acute illnesses.
• The indirect method of health education is not effective for transmitting complex messages.
• Health education programs with the best cost-effectiveness are those in the community.

Health Promotion

• The health promotion movement was born in response to social inequalities in global health.
• The first international health promotion conference took place in Ottawa.
• Health promotion seeks strategies such as citizen participation to improve health.

Health Systems

• The health system in France corresponds to the Bismarck model.
• The health system in the United States has great advances in research and technology but frequent accessibility problems.
• The National Health System has greater equity and cost control.

Health Care

• Specialized health care is not only offered in hospitals and treats more complex pathologies.
• The moderator ticket is not completely free and aims to avoid over saturation.
• The health system in Spain has a high cost of health care due to an aging population.

Population Pyramids

• A population pyramid can be classified as progressive, stationary, or regressive based on the age distribution.
• In a progressive population, the average age is above 50 years, and the senile dependency rate is high.
• A bulb-type pyramid indicates a high juvenile and senile dependency rate.

Health Education Phases

• Needs continuous evaluation in all phases.
• Evaluation of health status is not an instrument that increases population participation in health improvement.

Positive Externality

• Positive externality means an indirect benefit received by a population group that is not directly protected.

Health Systems Principles

• A principle of a perfect health system is universality, which was not guaranteed before 2011 in Spain.
• Financing through taxes is another principle of a perfect health system.

Country Comparison

• Country with low birth rate, low mortality rate, and high life expectancy is Spain.
• Crude mortality rates cannot be compared directly between countries without knowing their demographic structures.