Public Health Exam #4 - PH 101 Study Guide

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Questions and Answers

What is an example of reverse causation?

  • Low income leads to poor health.
  • High education results in low income.
  • Health outcomes influence employment status.
  • Poor health causes low income. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a core function of public health practice?

  • Assessment
  • Policy Development
  • Regulatory Enforcement (correct)
  • Assurance

What is the role of active surveillance in public health?

  • Implementing vaccination programs.
  • Proactively seeking data to detect outbreaks. (correct)
  • Monitoring behavioral health trends.
  • Conducting mental health assessments.

Which organization is responsible for monitoring health indicators globally?

<p>World Health Organization (WHO) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is considered endemic in certain regions?

<p>Malaria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three core functions of public health practice?

<p>Implementation Science (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary purpose of a logic model in public health?

<p>Visualize relationships between program components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the U.S. healthcare model, which of the following statements is true?

<p>Medicare and Medicaid are parts of the mixed system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach aim to achieve?

<p>Integrate health considerations into policymaking across sectors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a significant challenge in implementing evidence-based practices?

<p>An average of 17 years for research to impact routine practice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qualitative data primarily includes which type of information?

<p>Descriptive opinions and interviews (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which healthcare model is characterized by government funding and healthcare delivered as a public service?

<p>Beveridge Model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the great public health achievements of the 20th century?

<p>Motor vehicle safety improvements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the sectors in public health?

<p>Astrophysics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three core functions of public health practice?

<p>Assessment, Policy Development, Insurance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model is primarily focused on health system coverage for the majority of Americans?

<p>Bismarck Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of logical models in public health?

<p>To illustrate relationships among components of an issue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines implementation science?

<p>The discipline focused on integrating research into practice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of active surveillance in public health?

<p>Seeks to actively monitor health indicators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered qualitative data in public health?

<p>Surveys with numerical rankings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between an epidemic and an endemic?

<p>An epidemic occurs at a higher-than-expected rate; an endemic is consistently present (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Core Public Health Functions

Assessment, policy development, and assurance are the three core functions of public health practice, crucial for improving community health.

Public Health Sectors

Public health professionals use multiple sectors: epidemiology, biostatistics, environmental health, social/behavioral sciences, health services, and global health. These areas view populations as complex systems.

Logic Models

Tools to visualize relationships among components of an issue to understand factors influencing outcomes.

Implementation Science

Field dedicated to studying how to translate research into effective public health programs.

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Surveillance Data

Data systematically collected about health conditions or events.

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Active Surveillance

Public health system's practice of actively searching for signs of illness.

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Epidemic vs. Endemic

Epidemic: a sudden increase in disease; Endemic: constantly present in a population.

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Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data

Qualitative data is descriptive (e.g., observations), while quantitative data is measurable (e.g., counts).

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Reverse Causation

When an outcome, like poor health, is mistakenly assumed to be the cause of something else (e.g., low income), when it's actually the other way around.

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CDC's Role

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) plays a crucial role in public health, contributing to disease prevention, emergency preparedness, and health promotion.

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Three Core Public Health Functions

Public health practice relies on three key functions: Assessment (gather data), Policy development (create regulations), and Assurance (ensure services are available).

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Global Health Engagement

Global organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) play a vital role in monitoring health indicators and setting global health policies.

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Social Determinants of Health

Factors like socioeconomic status, education, environment, and healthcare access that influence health outcomes.

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Public Health Assessment

The process of monitoring and diagnosing health problems in a community to understand their causes and patterns.

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Public Health Policy Development

Creating policies and regulations aimed at improving health outcomes, often involving collaboration with different sectors.

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Public Health Assurance

Making sure that essential health services are available to all members of the community.

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Logic Model Components

A graphical representation that shows how inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and impacts relate to a program's goals.

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Beveridge Healthcare Model

A system where healthcare is provided as a public service, funded through taxes (e.g., UK NHS).

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U.S. Healthcare Model

A mixed system with both public (Medicare/Medicaid) and private insurance, with employer-based insurance covering most Americans.

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Health in All Policies (HiAP)

An approach that considers health impacts across all policy areas, not just those specifically related to health.

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Study Notes

Public Health Exam #4 - PH 101 Study Guide

  • Core Functions of Public Health: Assessment, policy development, and assurance
  • Public Health Practice: Views populations as complex, considering three core functions
  • Logical Models: Used to understand relationships between components of a public health issue
  • Beveridge Healthcare System: Government-funded healthcare system (e.g., UK NHS)
  • US Healthcare System: Mix of public (Medicare/Medicaid) and private insurance; employer-based insurance covers most Americans
  • Implementation Science: Study of methods to promote research into practice for improved health outcomes
  • Effective Logistics Management: Planning, implementation, and control to ensure service delivery
  • Health in All Policies (HiAP): Integrating health considerations into policymaking across sectors
  • Logic Model Components: Inputs, Activities, Outputs, Outcomes
  • Evidence-Based Practices: Taking research and implementing it effectively and sustainably
  • Timeline for Implementing Evidence-Based Practices: Often takes 17 years
  • Laws for Safer Workplaces: OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act) is an example, reducing injuries and fatalities.
  • Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data: Qualitative is descriptive (e.g., opinions, interviews), Quantitative is numerical (e.g., statistics, surveys)
  • 10 Greatest Public Health Achievements of the 20th Century: Examples include vaccination, motor vehicle safety, workplace safety, control of infectious diseases, and tobacco control
  • Reverse Causation: When the outcome is mistaken as the cause (e.g., poor health due to low income)
  • Politics & Macrosocial Determinants of Health: Political decisions shape determinants like healthcare access, housing and education
  • Federal Government Powers in Health: CDC, funding for programs like Medicaid/Medicare, regulation of public health policies
  • Laws Related to Firearms: Background checks, safe storage laws, and restrictions reduce firearm related injuries
  • CDC and 21st Century Achievements: Disease prevention, emergency preparedness, and general health promotion.
  • Epidemic vs. Endemic: Epidemic is a sudden increase of cases (e.g., COVID-19), Endemic is regularly found in a population (E.g., Malaria)
  • Active Surveillance: Proactively detecting outbreaks using data (case investigations).
  • True Surveillance of Health Conditions: Systematic data collection, analysis, and dissemination.
  • Public Health Assessment Non-function: Exclusion of providing direct clinical care
  • Global Health System Engagement: WHO sets global health indicators and policies
  • Top 5 Causes of Death in the US (2021): Heart disease, cancer, COVID-19, unintentional injuries. and stroke
  • Surveillance Data: Disease rates, healthcare access, vaccination records

Sectors in Public Health

  • Epidemiology, biostatistics, environmental health, social/behavioral sciences, health services, and global health
  • Populations are complex due to social determinants, cultural diversity, and systemic inequalities.

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