Health Inequality and Healthcare Systems

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of healthcare systems in High-Income Countries (HICs)?

  • Modern hospitals and clinics provide up-to-date treatments.
  • Most HICs have good healthcare systems.
  • Healthcare is often free in some HICs, such as the UK and Canada.
  • Healthcare is primarily paid for by individuals, with government subsidies. (correct)

Low- and Middle-Income countries typically have healthcare systems where individuals pay for their own healthcare when needed.

True (A)

What is the primary difference between healthcare systems in HICs and LICs?

HICs often have universal healthcare funded through taxes or government programs, while LICs rely heavily on individuals paying for their own healthcare.

The average period a person may expect to live is called ______.

<p>life expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing a person's life expectancy?

<p>Political ideology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A strong immune system, influenced by genetics, can contribute to a longer life expectancy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following influences on life expectancy with their descriptions:

<p>Lifestyle = Healthy eating and regular exercise promote physical and mental well-being. Heredity = Genes inherited from ancestors contribute to our genetic makeup and health. Social Activities = Engaging in social activities promotes mental well-being and reduces stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can healthy eating and regular exercise impact life expectancy?

<p>Healthy eating and exercise contribute to a healthy weight, reduce the risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular issues, and promote overall well-being, potentially extending life expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these regions is NOT considered a 'Blue Zone'?

<p>Iceland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to a 1996 study, genetics plays a larger role in determining lifespan than lifestyle factors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two common characteristics of Blue Zone diets?

<p>Plant-based emphasis and portion control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The island of Sardinia is located in the ______ Sea.

<p>Mediterranean</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the region from Senegal to Ethiopia and Burkina Faso called the "meningitis belt"?

<p>It is a region where meningitis epidemics are most common. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

<p>HICs = High income countries have a high quality of life. LICs = Low-income countries have a low quality of life. Epidemic = A sudden outbreak of a disease that spreads quickly and affects many people in a specific area. Pandemic = An epidemic that spreads across countries or continents. Vaccine = A substance used to protect people from diseases by boosting the immune system. Outbreak = A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason behind the longevity of residents in Blue Zones?

<p>Strong social connections and community support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person is considered obese if their BMI is greater than 30 kg/m².

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can influence life expectancy?

<p>Sports (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Higher GDP per capita generally correlates with a lower life expectancy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blue Zone residents prioritize intense gym workouts to stay physically active.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why global epidemics spread faster today?

<p>Global travel makes it easier for diseases to spread across countries and continents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vaccines are important because they help ______ against diseases.

<p>protect</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can political instability affect life expectancy?

<p>Political instability can lead to war, damage healthcare systems, cause injuries, spread diseases, and displace people, all of which negatively impact life expectancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of studying Blue Zones?

<p>To understand the secrets of longevity and good health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following solutions for obesity in Kuwait and the USA:

<p>Promote more fruits and vegetables and make traditional foods healthier. = Kuwait Better access to healthy food: Ensure everyone can get healthy food and exercise options. = USA Government support by making healthy food cheaper and limiting unhealthy food and processed foods. = Kuwait Targeted campaigns: Focus on communities with higher obesity rates = USA Better healthcare: Improve care for managing obesity and related diseases. = USA Community programs: Create fitness groups and community gardens to encourage activity. = USA</p> Signup and view all the answers

The spread of meningitis is often exacerbated by ______ and ______ in the environment that can irritate the nose and lungs.

<p>cold temperatures, dusty winds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their impact on Life Expectancy:

<p>Genetics = Can shorten lifespan due to inherited diseases Healthcare Access = Unequal access can create disparities in life expectancy Economic Policies = Poverty and limited access to basic needs impact life expectancy Environmental Neglect = Pollution and resource mismanagement can lead to disease and shortened lifespans War and Conflict = Disruption of healthcare systems, injuries, and displacement contribute to reduced life expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What made the MenAfriVac vaccine special?

<p>It was effective in protecting children as young as one year. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major health risks associated with obesity?

<p>Heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a symptom of meningitis?

<p>Fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The MenAfriVac vaccine was successful in significantly reducing meningitis cases in Burkina Faso.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how GDP per capita impacts a person's life expectancy.

<p>A higher GDP per capita generally leads to higher life expectancy due to greater access to healthcare, nutrition, and other factors that promote well-being. A low GDP per capita, on the other hand, often results in lower life expectancy due to limited access to essential resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meningitis is a disease that only affects people in wealthy countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Health Inequality

Unfair and avoidable differences in health across populations.

Healthcare in High-Income Countries

Universal healthcare funded by taxes, leading to good access and quality.

Healthcare in Low-Income Countries

Healthcare often must be paid for out of pocket, leading to lack of access.

Life Expectancy

The average period a person is expected to live.

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Influence of Lifestyle

Healthy eating and exercise improve health and life expectancy.

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Heredity

Genes passed down from ancestors that affect health.

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Access to Treatment (HICs)

Good access to nearby hospitals and medications in rich countries.

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Poor Sanitation (LICs)

Lack of clean water and sanitation contributes to health issues.

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Healthcare Access

The availability of medical services and treatment for individuals in a region.

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GDP per Capita

Measure of a country's economic output per person, indicating wealth and development.

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Impact of High GDP

Higher GDP per capita correlates with increased life expectancy due to improved nutrition and healthcare.

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War and Conflict

Political instability often leads to war, which harms healthcare systems and public health.

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Environmental Neglect

Poor policies lead to pollution and unsafe living conditions, increasing disease spread.

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Meningitis

A serious infection affecting the brain and spinal cord, potentially life-threatening.

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Symptoms of Meningitis

Common symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, and stiff neck—warning signs of a serious condition.

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Sardinia

An island in the Mediterranean Sea known for longevity.

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Blue Zones

Regions with high longevity and low disease rates.

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Centenarians

People who are 100 years old or more.

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Plant-based diet

Diet emphasizing vegetables and legumes over meat.

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Lifestyle factors

Behavioral elements influencing health and lifespan.

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Family and Community

Strong social ties and support systems are vital.

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HICs

High Income Countries with high quality of life.

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Pandemic

An epidemic that spreads globally across countries.

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Meningitis Belt

The northern part of sub-Saharan Africa where meningitis epidemics are common.

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Global Travel Impact

Global travel facilitates the quick spread of diseases across countries.

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MenAfriVac

A special meningitis vaccine effective for children starting from one year old.

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Impact of MenAfriVac in Burkina Faso

After MenAfriVac vaccination, meningitis cases dropped from 4,000 to four in six months.

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Obesity Definition

A medical condition characterized by excessive body fat, measured by BMI over 30.

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Obesity in Kuwait vs USA

Both countries face high obesity rates due to poor diet and lack of exercise.

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Solutions for Obesity in Kuwait

Promote fruits and vegetables and make traditional foods healthier.

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Obesity Solutions in the USA

Focus on access to healthy foods and community fitness programs.

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Study Notes

Health Inequality

  • Health inequality is differences in health across a population, between different groups within a society.
  • These differences are considered unfair and avoidable.

Healthcare Systems in Different Countries

  • High-income countries (HICs) like Canada, often have universal healthcare systems paid for by taxes.
  • Low- and middle-income countries (LICs) typically require individuals to pay for their own healthcare.

Healthcare in HICs and LICs

  • HICs*

  • Generally have good healthcare systems, often free or low-cost for citizens.

  • Modern hospitals and clinics with updated treatments.

  • Easy access to doctors and hospitals.

  • People can afford medications and treatments when required.

  • Vaccination programs prevent many life-threatening diseases especially for children.

  • LICs*

  • Workplaces may not follow safety regulations.

  • Poor sanitation and lack of access to clean water and toilets.

  • Polluted water contributes to several diseases.

  • Lack of healthy food makes it harder to fight off illnesses.

  • People face long journeys to get treatment.

  • Poverty prevents affordability of treatment.

Life Expectancy

  • Life expectancy is the average time a person is predicted to live.
  • Several factors influence life expectancy:

Influences on Life Expectancy

  • 1. Lifestyle*

  • Healthy eating and exercise lessen the risk of heart problems and boost energy.

  • Social activities keep the mind active and promote relaxation, bringing joy and peace of mind.

  • 2. Heredity*

  • Genes passed down from ancestors.

  • Strong immune systems lead to longer lives, while genes for diseases shorten life expectancy.

  • 3. Politics*

  • Weak governments may not fund healthcare systems sufficiently.

  • Economic policies, wars, and conflict can disrupt healthcare systems, causing diseases and displacement.

  • 4. Economics*

  • GDP per capita (per person) is a measure of a country's wealth, and higher GDP per capita generally leads to higher life expectancy, due to access to better nutrition, medicines, and healthcare.

  • 5. Access to Healthcare*

  • Differences in healthcare access lead to varying life expectancies across the world, with developed nations having considerably better outcomes compared to poorer countries.

Meningitis

  • Meningitis is a dangerous infection of the brain.
  • Symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, and a stiff neck.
  • The infection can be deadly without treatment.

How Meningitis Spreads

  • Spread by coughing, sneezing, and through close contact.

Obesity

  • Obesity is defined as having a high excess of body fat, as measured by BMI.
  • High BMI is a risk factor for various conditions such as heart disease and types of cancer.
  • Several factors including high fat/sugar diets and insufficient physical activity contribute to obesity.

Vaccination Importance

  • Vaccines protect against diseases and have crucial importance in controlling disease outbreaks.

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