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Questions and Answers
What is the primary method used to detect over 90% of breast cancers?
What is the primary method used to detect over 90% of breast cancers?
What is a common risk factor for breast cancer that is generally unavoidable?
What is a common risk factor for breast cancer that is generally unavoidable?
What treatment combination is typically used for Stage 4 metastatic cancer?
What treatment combination is typically used for Stage 4 metastatic cancer?
Which of the following statements about mammograms is true?
Which of the following statements about mammograms is true?
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Which type of mastectomy involves removing the breast while preserving the nipple?
Which type of mastectomy involves removing the breast while preserving the nipple?
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Which stage of breast cancer is characterized by a tumor larger than 5 cm that has not spread to the lymph nodes?
Which stage of breast cancer is characterized by a tumor larger than 5 cm that has not spread to the lymph nodes?
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What is the purpose of ultrasonography in breast examinations?
What is the purpose of ultrasonography in breast examinations?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a complication related to breast cancer surgery?
Which of the following is NOT considered a complication related to breast cancer surgery?
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What is an excisional biopsy?
What is an excisional biopsy?
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What is the likelihood of male patients developing breast cancer compared to females?
What is the likelihood of male patients developing breast cancer compared to females?
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What is the most common type of non-invasive breast cancer?
What is the most common type of non-invasive breast cancer?
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How does family history affect the risk of breast cancer?
How does family history affect the risk of breast cancer?
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What is the 10-year survival rate for Stage 4 metastatic cancer without treatment?
What is the 10-year survival rate for Stage 4 metastatic cancer without treatment?
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After mastectomy, what is a recommended practice for minimizing swelling?
After mastectomy, what is a recommended practice for minimizing swelling?
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Which of the following positions is NOT used during the breast examination inspection?
Which of the following positions is NOT used during the breast examination inspection?
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What treatment approach is typically preferred for breast cancer?
What treatment approach is typically preferred for breast cancer?
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Which surgical procedure involves the most extensive removal of tissue including muscles?
Which surgical procedure involves the most extensive removal of tissue including muscles?
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How is hormone-positive breast cancer typically treated?
How is hormone-positive breast cancer typically treated?
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What type of tumors in male breasts are much more likely to be found?
What type of tumors in male breasts are much more likely to be found?
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What type of therapy is often suggested to help manage psychological considerations post-surgery?
What type of therapy is often suggested to help manage psychological considerations post-surgery?
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What is one reason the risk of breast cancer decreases with distant relatives?
What is one reason the risk of breast cancer decreases with distant relatives?
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Chemotherapy is considered common for which stage of breast cancer?
Chemotherapy is considered common for which stage of breast cancer?
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During the Chest Wall Stretch, where should the toes be placed in relation to the corner?
During the Chest Wall Stretch, where should the toes be placed in relation to the corner?
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Which of the following is a positive recommendation for exercise after surgery?
Which of the following is a positive recommendation for exercise after surgery?
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What is the primary function of the breasts?
What is the primary function of the breasts?
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What components are primarily found in breast milk?
What components are primarily found in breast milk?
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Which hormone levels increase during pregnancy to facilitate lactation?
Which hormone levels increase during pregnancy to facilitate lactation?
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What is the definition of breast cancer?
What is the definition of breast cancer?
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What percentage of all cancers in Egyptian females is attributed to breast cancer?
What percentage of all cancers in Egyptian females is attributed to breast cancer?
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Which statement best describes the lobules and ducts in the breast?
Which statement best describes the lobules and ducts in the breast?
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What is a common characteristic of breast cancer according to epidemiological data?
What is a common characteristic of breast cancer according to epidemiological data?
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What is the primary purpose of the Wand Exercise?
What is the primary purpose of the Wand Exercise?
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What should be the position of the elbows during the Elbow Winging exercise?
What should be the position of the elbows during the Elbow Winging exercise?
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What action should be taken with the unaffected arm during the Shoulder Blade Stretch?
What action should be taken with the unaffected arm during the Shoulder Blade Stretch?
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In the Shoulder Blade Squeeze exercise, how should the shoulders be positioned during the motion?
In the Shoulder Blade Squeeze exercise, how should the shoulders be positioned during the motion?
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What is the intended benefit of performing Side Bends?
What is the intended benefit of performing Side Bends?
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During which stage of breast cancer does the tumor spread to tissues near the breast?
During which stage of breast cancer does the tumor spread to tissues near the breast?
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How many times should each exercise be repeated for optimal results?
How many times should each exercise be repeated for optimal results?
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What should you avoid when performing the Shoulder Blade Squeeze?
What should you avoid when performing the Shoulder Blade Squeeze?
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How many lobes are typically present in each breast?
How many lobes are typically present in each breast?
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Study Notes
Normal Anatomical Consideration of Breast Organ
- Breasts consist of mammary glands, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels.
- Each breast contains 15-20 lobes, composed of lobules (milk-producing glands) and ducts (milk transport).
- The structure resembles a tree, with the nipple serving as the only exit point.
- Fatty tissue surrounds ducts and lobules, with the nipple located at the center of the areola.
Physiology and Function of the Breast
- The female breast acts as a modified apocrine gland, undergoing significant changes throughout life.
- Ductal development is stimulated by hormonal surges during puberty, preparing for lactation.
- Lactation provides essential nutrients to infants and helps space childbirth.
- Hormones such as progesterone and estrogens increase during gestation, influencing milk composition, which includes lactose, proteins, and fat.
Abnormal Breast Cancer
- Defined as a malignant tumor originating in breast cells, leading to uncontrolled growth.
- Most common cancer among Egyptian females, representing 25.5% of female cancers and 34.7% of malignancies reported at Cairo's National Cancer Institute.
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
- Increased risk associated with age, family history, reproductive history, and lifestyle factors.
- First-degree relatives of breast cancer patients have a two- to threefold increased risk.
- Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for <1% of incidences compared to females.
- Age-adjusted incidence rises with advancing age.
Staging of Breast Cancer
- Stage I: Tumor ≤2 cm, no lymph node involvement.
- Stage II: Tumor ≤2 cm with lymph node spread or >2 cm without lymph node involvement.
- Stage IIIA: Tumor >5 cm or smaller with lymph node involvement.
- Stage IIIB: Tumor has spread to surrounding breast tissue or chest wall nodes.
- Stage IV: Distant metastasis involving other organs or lymph nodes.
Examination and Investigations for Breast Cancer
- Inspection: Conducted in four positions to check for early signs.
- Mammography: Detects >90% of breast cancers, recommended annually for women with family history post-age 40.
- Ultrasonography: Differentiates solid tumors from cystic ones and assists in biopsies.
- Biopsy: Involves tissue removal for pathology evaluation; methods include excisional, incisional, and needle biopsy.
Treatment of Breast Cancer
- Primarily involves surgery, which may be followed by chemotherapy or radiation.
- Hormone-positive cancers receive long-term hormone blocking therapy.
- Treatments vary with cancer stage; Stage I typically involves lumpectomy and minimal chemotherapy, while Stage IV requires aggressive multi-faceted approaches.
- Standard surgical options include mastectomy, quadrantectomy, and lumpectomy.
Physiotherapy Intervention After Mastectomy
- Common Impairments: Incisional pain, shoulder mobility issues, lymphedema, fatigue, and psychological impacts.
- Early Exercise Guidance: Initiate movement post-surgery, monitor swelling, and use supportive positioning.
Recommended Exercises
- Wand Exercise: Enhances shoulder mobility; involves raising a wand overhead.
- Elbow Winging: Increases front chest movement; focuses on elbow separation.
- Shoulder Blade Stretch: Promotes shoulder blade movement through sliding of the arm.
- Shoulder Blade Squeeze: Strengthens posture by closing shoulder blades without lifting shoulders.
- Side Bends: Engages trunk flexibility; involves lateral bending with arms extended overhead.
- Chest Wall Stretch: Stretches chest muscles using a wall for resistance.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomical considerations of the breast, focusing on the composition and functions of mammary glands, connective tissue, and the lactation process. It is designed for students studying physical therapy, specifically within the context of post-breast cancer care.