P.T Post Breast Cancer
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method used to detect over 90% of breast cancers?

  • Ultrasonography
  • Biopsy
  • MRI
  • Mammography (correct)
  • What is a common risk factor for breast cancer that is generally unavoidable?

  • Aging (correct)
  • Having a balanced diet
  • Regular exercise
  • Eating fruits and vegetables
  • What treatment combination is typically used for Stage 4 metastatic cancer?

  • Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy only
  • Surgery followed by observation
  • Only chemotherapy
  • A mix of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies (correct)
  • Which of the following statements about mammograms is true?

    <p>A typical screening includes two views of each breast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mastectomy involves removing the breast while preserving the nipple?

    <p>Subcutaneous mastectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of breast cancer is characterized by a tumor larger than 5 cm that has not spread to the lymph nodes?

    <p>Stage III A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ultrasonography in breast examinations?

    <p>To differentiate between solid and cystic tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a complication related to breast cancer surgery?

    <p>Increased muscle strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an excisional biopsy?

    <p>A procedure that removes tissue from a cancerous area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of male patients developing breast cancer compared to females?

    <p>It is less than 1% of the incidence in females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of non-invasive breast cancer?

    <p>Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does family history affect the risk of breast cancer?

    <p>First-degree relatives increase the risk twofold to threefold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 10-year survival rate for Stage 4 metastatic cancer without treatment?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After mastectomy, what is a recommended practice for minimizing swelling?

    <p>Using two pillows for arm elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following positions is NOT used during the breast examination inspection?

    <p>Lying down flat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment approach is typically preferred for breast cancer?

    <p>A multidisciplinary approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surgical procedure involves the most extensive removal of tissue including muscles?

    <p>Radical mastectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is hormone-positive breast cancer typically treated?

    <p>With long-term hormone blocking therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tumors in male breasts are much more likely to be found?

    <p>Benign tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy is often suggested to help manage psychological considerations post-surgery?

    <p>Psychotherapy or counseling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason the risk of breast cancer decreases with distant relatives?

    <p>Distant relatives have lesser genetic influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chemotherapy is considered common for which stage of breast cancer?

    <p>Stage 1 cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Chest Wall Stretch, where should the toes be placed in relation to the corner?

    <p>8 to 10 inches from the corner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a positive recommendation for exercise after surgery?

    <p>Start moving as soon as possible post-surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the breasts?

    <p>To supply the young with adequate nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components are primarily found in breast milk?

    <p>Lactose, milk proteins, and milk fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone levels increase during pregnancy to facilitate lactation?

    <p>Progesterone, estrogens, and placental lactogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of breast cancer?

    <p>A malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of all cancers in Egyptian females is attributed to breast cancer?

    <p>25.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the lobules and ducts in the breast?

    <p>Lobules produce milk and ducts carry it to the nipple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of breast cancer according to epidemiological data?

    <p>It is the most frequent cancer among Egyptian females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Wand Exercise?

    <p>To increase ability to move shoulders forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the position of the elbows during the Elbow Winging exercise?

    <p>Pointing toward the ceiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken with the unaffected arm during the Shoulder Blade Stretch?

    <p>Keep it straight on the table</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Shoulder Blade Squeeze exercise, how should the shoulders be positioned during the motion?

    <p>Level and relaxed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intended benefit of performing Side Bends?

    <p>To improve trunk and body movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of breast cancer does the tumor spread to tissues near the breast?

    <p>Stage III B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times should each exercise be repeated for optimal results?

    <p>5 to 7 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you avoid when performing the Shoulder Blade Squeeze?

    <p>Resting against the back of the chair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes are typically present in each breast?

    <p>15-20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Normal Anatomical Consideration of Breast Organ

    • Breasts consist of mammary glands, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels.
    • Each breast contains 15-20 lobes, composed of lobules (milk-producing glands) and ducts (milk transport).
    • The structure resembles a tree, with the nipple serving as the only exit point.
    • Fatty tissue surrounds ducts and lobules, with the nipple located at the center of the areola.

    Physiology and Function of the Breast

    • The female breast acts as a modified apocrine gland, undergoing significant changes throughout life.
    • Ductal development is stimulated by hormonal surges during puberty, preparing for lactation.
    • Lactation provides essential nutrients to infants and helps space childbirth.
    • Hormones such as progesterone and estrogens increase during gestation, influencing milk composition, which includes lactose, proteins, and fat.

    Abnormal Breast Cancer

    • Defined as a malignant tumor originating in breast cells, leading to uncontrolled growth.
    • Most common cancer among Egyptian females, representing 25.5% of female cancers and 34.7% of malignancies reported at Cairo's National Cancer Institute.

    Risk Factors for Breast Cancer

    • Increased risk associated with age, family history, reproductive history, and lifestyle factors.
    • First-degree relatives of breast cancer patients have a two- to threefold increased risk.
    • Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for <1% of incidences compared to females.
    • Age-adjusted incidence rises with advancing age.

    Staging of Breast Cancer

    • Stage I: Tumor ≤2 cm, no lymph node involvement.
    • Stage II: Tumor ≤2 cm with lymph node spread or >2 cm without lymph node involvement.
    • Stage IIIA: Tumor >5 cm or smaller with lymph node involvement.
    • Stage IIIB: Tumor has spread to surrounding breast tissue or chest wall nodes.
    • Stage IV: Distant metastasis involving other organs or lymph nodes.

    Examination and Investigations for Breast Cancer

    • Inspection: Conducted in four positions to check for early signs.
    • Mammography: Detects >90% of breast cancers, recommended annually for women with family history post-age 40.
    • Ultrasonography: Differentiates solid tumors from cystic ones and assists in biopsies.
    • Biopsy: Involves tissue removal for pathology evaluation; methods include excisional, incisional, and needle biopsy.

    Treatment of Breast Cancer

    • Primarily involves surgery, which may be followed by chemotherapy or radiation.
    • Hormone-positive cancers receive long-term hormone blocking therapy.
    • Treatments vary with cancer stage; Stage I typically involves lumpectomy and minimal chemotherapy, while Stage IV requires aggressive multi-faceted approaches.
    • Standard surgical options include mastectomy, quadrantectomy, and lumpectomy.

    Physiotherapy Intervention After Mastectomy

    • Common Impairments: Incisional pain, shoulder mobility issues, lymphedema, fatigue, and psychological impacts.
    • Early Exercise Guidance: Initiate movement post-surgery, monitor swelling, and use supportive positioning.
    • Wand Exercise: Enhances shoulder mobility; involves raising a wand overhead.
    • Elbow Winging: Increases front chest movement; focuses on elbow separation.
    • Shoulder Blade Stretch: Promotes shoulder blade movement through sliding of the arm.
    • Shoulder Blade Squeeze: Strengthens posture by closing shoulder blades without lifting shoulders.
    • Side Bends: Engages trunk flexibility; involves lateral bending with arms extended overhead.
    • Chest Wall Stretch: Stretches chest muscles using a wall for resistance.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomical considerations of the breast, focusing on the composition and functions of mammary glands, connective tissue, and the lactation process. It is designed for students studying physical therapy, specifically within the context of post-breast cancer care.

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