Podcast
Questions and Answers
Hvilke af følgende er 4 måder, hvorpå medicin kan administreres?
Hvilke af følgende er 4 måder, hvorpå medicin kan administreres?
I væsentlige mængder hjælper moderate mængder alkohol med at forhindre hjertekarsygdomme.
I væsentlige mængder hjælper moderate mængder alkohol med at forhindre hjertekarsygdomme.
False
Hvilken del af hjernen menes at være central for oplevelsen af belønning og glæde?
Hvilken del af hjernen menes at være central for oplevelsen af belønning og glæde?
Nucleus accumbens
Hvilke af følgende scenarier kan øge risikoen for overdosering hos en person, der bruger stoffer?
Hvilke af følgende scenarier kan øge risikoen for overdosering hos en person, der bruger stoffer?
Signup and view all the answers
Hvilken af følgende er IKKE en af de tre faser, der ofte ses i udviklingen af stofferafhængighed?
Hvilken af følgende er IKKE en af de tre faser, der ofte ses i udviklingen af stofferafhængighed?
Signup and view all the answers
Undersøgelser har vist, at forsøgspersoner i et laboratorium, som har mulighed for mere naturtro omgivelser, er mindre tilbøjelige til at selvadministrere stoffer.
Undersøgelser har vist, at forsøgspersoner i et laboratorium, som har mulighed for mere naturtro omgivelser, er mindre tilbøjelige til at selvadministrere stoffer.
Signup and view all the answers
Hvilken af følgende er en begrænsning ved at bruge dyr til at studere hjernen og rusmidler?
Hvilken af følgende er en begrænsning ved at bruge dyr til at studere hjernen og rusmidler?
Signup and view all the answers
Den mest almindelige administrationsmåde for nikotin er gennem indånding?
Den mest almindelige administrationsmåde for nikotin er gennem indånding?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
- LO 15.1: Compare different routes of drug administration (oral, injection, inhalation, absorption)
- LO 15.2: Explain how drugs affect the nervous system and how they are eliminated from the body.
- LO 15.3: Describe drug tolerance, withdrawal, and physical dependence.
- LO 15.4: Define drug addiction
- LO 15.5: Explain contingent drug tolerance
- LO 15.6: Describe conditioned drug tolerance and conditioned compensatory responses
- LO 15.7: Discuss the health risks of nicotine consumption
- LO 15.8: Describe alcohol consumption's health hazards and withdrawal syndrome.
- LO 15.9: Explain marijuana's health effects and THC's mechanism of action.
- LO 15.10: Detail the health risks associated with cocaine and other stimulants.
- LO 15.11: Describe the health hazards and withdrawal associated with opioids.
- LO 15.12: Explain challenges in determining the cause of drug-related health hazards.
- LO 15.13: Compare the direct health hazards of several drugs
- LO 15.14: Explain physical-dependence and positive-incentive perspectives of addiction.
- LO 15.15: Describe the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) paradigm.
- LO 15.16: Describe two methods for measuring the rewarding effects of drugs (drug self-administration, conditioned place preference).
- LO 15.17: Describe the role of the nucleus accumbens in drug addiction.
- LO 15.18: Describe three stages in the development of drug addiction (initial drug taking, habitual drug taking, drug craving/relapse)
- LO 15.19: Explain findings that have challenged the relevance of drug self-administration studies.
- LO 15.20: Analyze the significance of Freud's cocaine use and addiction.
Drug Use, Drug Addiction, and the Brain's Reward Circuits
- Drug addiction is a global problem, affecting billions worldwide.
- Individuals use drugs for various reasons (e.g., social, medical).
- Factors influencing drug use include environment, availability.
Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance
- Contingent drug tolerance: tolerance only develops to those effects actually experienced.
- Conditioned drug tolerance: tolerance maximal when a drug administered in a familiar situation.
- Conditioned compensatory responses: responses opposite to the drug's effects, developed in drug-associated environments.
Five Commonly Used Drugs
- Nicotine: The main psychoactive ingredient of tobacco.
- Alcohol: A depressant producing diverse health hazards.
- Marijuana: Containing THC, its varied effects and potential risks.
- Cocaine: A potent stimulant with potential for severe effects.
- Opioids: From opium poppy with varying effects as painkillers and potential for high addiction risks.
Drug Tolerance, Drug Withdrawal Effects, and Physical Dependence
- Drug tolerance: Reduced response to a drug after repeated exposure. There are metabolic and functional pathways for tolerance.
- Drug withdrawal: Adverse effects upon stopping drug use.
- Physical dependence: Body adapts to a drug, and withdrawal symptoms happen upon discontinuation.
Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System
- Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS): Rats repeatedly stimulate specific brain regions, suggesting a reward system exists.
- Mesotelencephalic dopamine system: Dopamine-related pathways in the brain.
- Mesocorticolimbic pathway and nigrostriatal pathway: Key parts involved in reward.
Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addiction
- Nucleus Accumbens: Brain area strongly associated with reward and pleasure-related drug effects.
- Drug self-administration: Lab animals pressing a lever to self-inject drugs.
- Conditioned place preference: Animal repeatedly exposed to a drug in one environment and then preferring that environment when drug free
Comparing the Health Hazards of Commonly Used Drugs
- Direct health hazards of different drugs are compared
- The health risks of various commonly used drugs vary based on different usage patterns and amounts consumed.
Interpreting Studies of the Health Hazards of Drugs
- Interpreting cause and effect in drug studies is complex.
- Most studies use correlation rather than definitive causality. Also, samples may not reflect the general population.
Addiction
- Habitual drug use despite adverse effects.
- Drug addiction is not synonymous with physical dependence.
Natural History of Drug Addiction
- Detailed history of the understanding of drug addiction mechanism.
- Illustrates the dynamic shift in scientific and social understanding over time.
Drug Self-Administration Paradigm
- Nonhuman subject takes drug using a lever system.
Conditioned Place Preference
- Nonhuman subject is conditioned to an environment with drug use.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Dette quiz belyser centrale læringsmål fra kapitel 15 om stoffer og deres indvirkning på sundhed. Deltagerne vil lære om forskellige administrationsveje, tolerance, afhængighed, samt de sundhedsrisici, der er forbundet med stoffer som nikotin, alkohol, marihuana og opioider. Test din viden om emner relateret til stoffer og deres effekter.
